The Grievances Amongst the Russian People Essay Example for Free

The Grievances Amongst the Russian People EssayAssess the extent to which the grievances of the Russian great deal were addressed by the October Manifesto The grievances amongst the Russian stack were addressed to some extent by the passing of the October Manifesto. The laws passed in the October Manifesto were designed to benefit the works class as well as prevent an egressbreak of violence and an imminent revolution. Stolypin was ap berthed as the chairman of ministers for the Duma. Which had been created in the hope to please the work class enough to draw them back to the factories. hitherto while in that position he imposeed m whatever contr everywheresial laws.Consequently Stolypin was assassinated and caused a huge impact on the Russian people. Firstly Tsar Nicholas II was persuaded by his advisers to issue the October Manifesto, because the increasing misery of the Russian people had reached a point where they were willing to seduce the risk of initiating a revolu tion. The suffering the Russian people, especially the working class endured around October 1905 was extreme due to the Russo-Japo war. There were severe shortages on everything but most importantly fuel and food which were necessities.The level of their discontent was increasingly rising and revolution was becoming an imminent possibility. The Tsar was consequently persuaded by his trusted advisors to give up his absolute power and focus on trying to retain a partial power. The passing of the October Manifesto effectively stop the threat of revolution. The laws passed within this document allowed for the setting up of a Russian parliament called the Duma, gave the people a well(p) to vote, allowed for basic civil rights to be for fill such as free speech and better working and living conditions. The passing of the October Manifesto ended absolute monarchy in Russia.This also pleased and persuade the workers to go back to working class to go back to work. Secondly a man named Stol ypin was prescribed by the Tsar to be chairman of the Duma, the naked as a jaybird Russian parliament. However this was a tactical move by the Tsar, Stolypin was placed in this position so as to reverse all the changes that had been made in the October Manifesto which the Tsar had to concede to in October 1905. Stolypin implemented many controversial policies such as, punishing the leaders of the revolution through hanging. Which resulted in the death of over two thousand people and around 21,000 being banished to Siberia.The noose became known as Stolypins neck tie. An upper house of the Duma was created called the State Council. The deputies of this house were also appointed by the Tsar consequently they were answerable to him in preference to the public. The Upper House was put in place so as to stop any law that was not suitable proposed by the Duma. Also in 1907 Stolypin engineered a new electoral law, which was made in favour of the rich. The rule stated that it would take 23 0 large landowner (nobles), 1000 large business owners (industrialists), 15 000 small business, 60 0000 peasant, and 125 000 factory workers votes to elect one deputy to the Duma.The new electoral law limited the rights of the poor and working class basically landing them back to where they began for their fight for basic rights. However during the period of Stolypin, Russia was fairly stable between 1907 and 1911, due to Stolypins wise intelligence. He implemented some legal reforms for peasants and factory workers that did not fully satisfy them but kept them content. Stolypin was very wise in the decisions he made. Stolypin was able to keep the threat of revolution down by passing some legal reforms that satisfied the peasants and working class.However he did implement many controversial policies that took back the rights of the working class, that they had fought so hard to win. Thirdly the impact of Stolypins downfall and assassination created growing discontent amongst the peo ple. With rising numbers of strikes and demonstrations. later Stolypins assassination in 1911, the middle class dominated Duma, removed the restrictions and overturned Stolypins social reforms in order for Russia to more rapidly industrialise. Russia experienced declivity discontent throughout 1912 to 1914.In 1912 striking miners in the Lena Goldfields in Siberia were massacred by the Cossacks which therefore provoked a wave of more strikes. In July 1914 a general strike began. Violent clashes between the factory workers Cossacks and police ended in mounting causalities. This near revolution only ended due to the out break of WW1. Stolypins assassination had a great impact on the Russian people it increased discontent amongst the working class which resulted in more strikes, casualties and deaths.The Russian people were consequently stuck back in the same position they had fought so hard to get out of in 1905. In conclusion the grievances amongst the Russian people were addressed to some extent by the passing of the October Manifesto in 1905. The Manifesto allowed for the creation of a Duma which resulted in a more democratic environment, and allowed for the right to vote. This manifesto also allowed for basic civil rights such as free speech and better working and living conditions, which were the biggest issue behind most of the strikes.However the commission of Stolypin by the Tsar to fill the place of the chairman of ministers for the Duma created problems. The Russian people were kept content throughout the period of Stolypins power despite the deliberate reversal of all changes made by the Tsar in the October Manifesto. After the assassination of Stolypin a general strike broke out, this landed the Russian people back to square one. So to some extent the passing of the October Manifesto in 1905 addressed the grievances amongst the Russian people.

Active Listening in 4 Steps Essay Example for Free

Active Listening in 4 Steps EssayActive listening in 4 steps The beaver managers make the best listeners Managers spend a good part of their workday listening to other people. But bear in mind, theres a big struggle between passive and active listening. Effective listening includes a four-step process to ensure netherstanding1. Listen to the total message.2. Prove your understanding by utilize nonverbal signals. 3. Use open-ended probes. 4. Paraphrase what you hear.Motivating employees through realistic deadlines 4 dos and fagts Without deadlines, employees flounder. They merchantmant be awargon of the urgency or priorities of a project unless their supervisors tell them. Following are four tips on motivating employees by setting realistic deadlines1. Do be specific style the target day and time. And mean what you say. If you ask for completion next week, dont complain on Friday that you really needed it on Wednesday. 2. Do crystalize priorities Let people know if this ass ignment takes precedence over any other projects theyre working on now. Avoid the old, favorite deadline ASAP, which usually translates in an employees mind as whenever it gets through with(p).3. Dont set false deadlinesSetting a deadline earlier than necessary (because you dont effrontery your employees to play the real deadline) creates much problems than it solves. Your staff will soon learn thats how you operate and will assume theres al musical modes air in the schedule. As a result, theyll always miss that first deadline, just as you knew they would. 4. Do establish an update scheduleThe best-laid plans can go astray, and so can deadlines. Youll minimize the chance of this occurring by setting up a progress report schedule when you assign the project. This is especially important for long-term projects.Motivating employees to do their best each day 6 office communication techniques Here are six tips for motivating employees to go along on task and work unitedly toward th e common goal, according to a report by OnPoint Consulting 1. Clarify, clarify, clarify.2. Establish clear expectations. 3. Dont micromanage your entrepreneurial-minded employees. But do monitor them. 4. Encourage employees to share hazardous news with you. 5. Solve problems quickly, but not too quickly. 6. Encourage informal and spontaneous interaction. Managing employee retention Listen for subtle whispers of employee turnover rate Most good employees dont stand up one day and quit out of the blue. They send off subtle hints that, if youre listening, you can act on sooner the good employee walks out the door.Thats why its important to listen to statements like these that can act as an advance warning system for employee turnover * This job isnt what I thought it would be. Rather than exploring what the employee was originally told or trying to defend miscommunication, focus on the present. Ask, How do you want your job to be? * Im at a plateau. I cant grow here. Consider that a plea for job stimulation. Provide the employee with new responsibilities, cross-training opportunities or exposure to influential mentors. * I dont get any feedback. Most employees crave regular input from their supervisors. Dont leave them in the dark. Plan regular sessions to discuss on overtaking projects and transaction. * This place has too much politics. While you may not be able to eliminate all broil and politics in the organization, you can level with the employee. If someone makes this complaint, address rumors head-on, and dont play favorites.Maintaining workplace productivity 7 common employee gripes (and how to silence them) A recent study says that 40% of managers in the United States are considered bad bosses by their employees. Yet most managers assume that their relationships with their employees are running smoothly. Obviously, some of those bosses are wrong and that can create major problems for workplace productivity. A Gallup Poll says organizations are 50% less productiveand 44% less profitablewhen terrible boss-employee conflicts exist. Employee retention strategies 8 little things managers can do to retain the best When good employees leave for greener pastures, it makes a managers job much more difficult. Managers can prevent this syndrome by doing what they can to make their own pasture the greenest. While compensation helps, its not always cash that makes pastures greener. When salaries are fair to middling with the marketplace, other factors take priority.Here are eight easy-to-plant seeds that help keep employees growing and content, according to a KEYGroup report 1. Keep them engaged. Consider ways to digest opportunities for employees to improve on their skills or learn new skills they can use in their jobs. 2. Give praise where praise is due. Recognizing a job well done isnt an expensive proposition, but it will mean the world to your employee. 3. Be aware of employees changing needs. By recognizing their changing needs, you show sensitivity to whats going on in their lives. This builds loyalty and helps bring stability to their personal lives, which means they can focus better at work.4. Realize that great employees thrive under great leaders. Employees wont leave for greener pastures unless you drive them. The buck starts and stops with their leaders. 5. Conduct regular stay interviews. Rather than exit interviews, use regular stay interviews to provide an opportunity to compliment high performers on their work and inspire them to do more. 6. Create an environment where people can do their best work. By allowing employees to develop and implement their own ideas, youll keep them passionate about their work.7. Create an environment of trust. Employees are happier and work harder when they trust their leaders. They decide which leaders they can trust based on how their fellow employees, company vendors and customers are treated. 8. Rid your pasture of weeds. The weeds are those poor performers and n egative employees who stifle the good attitudes and high performance of their co-workers. The bottom line Striving to keep employees happy and engaged is not just a nice thing to do its the only way to maximize workplace productivity. Thoughtful employee retention strategies are useful not just for retaining people to avoid the high cost of recruitment. Engaged employees are creative, productive, actuate and brimming with good ideas

Appropriateness Of Tesco Enterprises Information Systems Information Technology Essay

Appropriateness Of Tesco Enterprises Information Systems Information Technology EssayThe world is fast becoming a global village. The organisations used to collect educations yesterday argon different from those used today. More advanced and competitive selective information system are being produce eitherday. Every business no matter how small, inter channeliseable a small retailer store, depends on high technology to store entropy. To them now it is a living tool and the still keep their doors open to have new form of change in information systems. Information system has now become the bread of life in every governingal operation. This account is going to expatiate more on how information system operates to enhance business in our world today. Tesco enterprise will be use as the yard stick to better understand the development of Information systems.Findings2.1 Information Systems.Definition.According to Kenneth and Jane Laudon, Information systems can be defined technicall y as a set of interrelated components that collect to retrieve help, stores, distributes information to avow ratiocination qualification and control on an organization.Information systems are the systems of persons, selective information records and activities that process the data of information in a given organization, either through manual processes or automated processes. This system is consist of people, procedures, softwares, hardwares and data that helps in motionive ratiocination making. Philip Kotler says A marketing information system consist of people, equipments and procedures to gather, sort and analyze, evaluate and distribute unavoidable, timely and accurate information to marketing decision makers.According to Erik BOHLIN, Stranford L. LEVIN, Nakil SUNG, Chang-HO YOON (2004), the effect of information technology systems on globalization, innovation, growth and productivity are immense. Information technology system has contributed immensely to the globalizati on of production and capital markets by reducing cost of information and communication. They stated that technology has made it easier for multinationals and other companies to spread production facilities all over the world, to coordinate international marketing campaigns and to ease collaborationism in projects taking place in different continents.There are various types of information systems such as Office Information system, database management system, close supporting system and transaction processing system.Information systems are normally created to perform task for which the human brain can not handle intumesce enough some of these task are controlling many business processes simultaneously, performing complex calculations and storing large amount of information.Many businesses invest huge amounts of specie in information systems for the following reasonsFor rapid production of goods and servicesTo develop excellent and efficacious communication skills.Improve decisio n makingHave in operation(p) excellenceFor competitives advantagesFor survivalCustomer and supplier intimacy.It saves time and money and makes life easy and comfortable.Levels of management.There are three hierarchical levels of management on an organization the senior level management, the middle level management and the operating(a) level of management.Senior Level management.This is the highest level of management. They are concern with making good and effective decisions for the development of the enterprise. They add on answers to questions about the long term plans of the company such as what kind of products will the company be producing in the next fiver years or what method will they apply to improve their business. There are many kinds of information systems that managers at this level can use in rewrite to ease the work and quickly too, some of the systems are seen as followsExecutive Support System. (ESS)It is a reporting software which helps senior managers transfo rm data into useful summarize reports.It allows them quick assess to reports coming from different levels and different departments in the company such as staffing, billing, cost allocation, scheduling and many others.ESS is or so useful to senior managers like Chief Executive Officers in order to enable the make decision easily.ESS forecast the future.ESS relies highly on information MIS and DSS database for decision making. It can not work in isolation less the company becomes dysfunctional.Middle Management.The main duty of the managers at this level is to monitor the activities of the subordinates, collect information from junior management and reassemble them and give the feedbacks or report to those at the senior management team.Their reports help in strategic planning thus star(p) to effective decision making to achieve their objectives.They are responsible for implementing the senior managers policies and plans to the workers.They in addition need to ensure that employees are well motivated and should act responsibly in maintaining company values.Management Information System (MIS)This system is meant to serve mostly middle managers. It helps them regulate the various operations in an organization. It helps in the inhering control procedures. MIS are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operation activities in the organization. OBrien, J (1999).MIS as a system It is a system that makes available the right information to the right person (senior managers) at the right time, place, form and at the right cost.It monitors daily gross revenue, profit and lost accounts.It gathers feedbacks and current reports.It also answers all day to day questions about the company.Inputs of MISCustomer Relationship Management (CRM), this a process created to handle the companys coitionship or contact with its customers.Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). This is a system that helps managers co ordinate all the resources information and functions of a business.Transaction put to work Management (TPS). It records all daily routines in a company.Recommended softwares for MISDatabase retrieve applicationService control manager- a component of littlesoft Windows operating System.Software Configuration Management (SCM) used to track down and control changes in softwares.Decision Support System (DSS).It a group of information systems that support businesses and organizations in decision making activities. It helps most the middle class managers to make quick and effective decisions. It helps middle managers compile important information from a combination of business models, raw data, ain knowledge or documents to solve problems and then take decisions.Functions of DSS.It helps to solve unpredicted problems such as non-routine issues.Deducts external information like price change, government change in tax.It gathers and inventory of current information assets including legacy , dataware house and data marts.It produces comparative sales figures different periods.Finally it presents revenue figures base on new products sales assumptions.Fundamental Components.Knowledge baseUser interfaceThe model ( decision content and user criteria).Holsapple and Whinston (1996) classify DSS in to six frame worksText-oriented DSSDatabase-oriented DSSSpreadsheet-oriented DSSSolver-oriented DSSRule-oriented DSSCompound-oriented DSSDSS support base system can be divided into three categoriesPersonal supportGroup supportOrganization supportFirst line managers as operational managers.They control the day to day services in an organization. They focus on manageing the processes to produce and distribute products and services to customers.Transaction Process System.This system serves the operational level managers. It helps them trace the daily routine in the company for example sales entry and delivery. It also helps the managers to monitor status of operations in relation to external environment.3. Appropriateness of TESCO Enterprise Information Systems.TESCO plc is Britains largest retailer enterprise. Tesco provides grocery homeshopping services, consumer goods, telecommunication and financial services online.Online shopping is a highly use information system in Tesco. This information system is the direct buying of goods and services over the internet or other computer networks. Through this system, many businesses have actual due to online competition services.There are other websites besides Tesco that offer hosting services for online stores and small retailers these are Yahoo, Amazon.com and eBay.A collection of online stores are known as Virtual Shopping Malls.Become.com helps online shoppers make the ideal decision on shopping online. That is their mission.Security MeasuresDefinitionThese are steps taken to protect information and information systems from unauthorized users, access, disclosure disruption, modification and destruction. Security measures are meant to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information.Tesco has securing tags on its products. This is due to the rise of shoplifting caused by the economic crisis in the country. This was decided by the management team.Many UK businesses whether big or small, depend greatly on American District Telegraph (ADT) or simply ADT, closed(a) Circuit Television (CCTV) and Digital Video Recorders (DVR) as a source of integrated electronic security system. Tesco is one of those convenience supermarkets that depend highly on the services provided by the above security systems.These security systems provide fast alarm responses to burglary, fire attacks, violence and unnecessary disturbances in Tesco.These security systems reduce a safe and convenient environment for Tesco customers.They help reduce crime wave, protect people and property.Tesco also applies the use of security codes in their online services. This is to ensure that the online customer pl acing the order is actually in possession of a credit rating/ debit card and that the amount of money in the card is legitimate.All these procedures is to prevent Credit/ Debit card fraudAlso to trace and track down thieves who are in possessions of other peoples cards through well advance information technology.BMT Micro security software makes sures no database after online transaction is stored during online payment so hackers will not find their way easily into peoples accounts. That is why codes are needed so is will be hard for them to trace.Card Security Code (CSC) or Card Verification Value is another security feature for credit/debit transaction online providing online security against fraudulent cards.Recommended information security.Unified Threat Management (UTM), this is to prevent intruders and softwares from affecting Tesco delicate networks less the loose their data informations.Antivirus is also needed to check Tesco computers for the presence of virus that may cra sh the computers and loss database information that have not hitherto been processed.These antivirus needs constant updates..Cloud computingCloud computing is the latest internet base computer system whereby shared resources such as softwares and information are provided to computers. It describes a new suppliement, using up and delivery Information Technology model services based on the internet. It helps provides easy access to remote computing site provide by the internet.It is a less expensive form of computing. It avoids capital expenditures on hardwares, softwares and services because the pay only provider for they use.Consumption is billed on subscription basis with no upfront cost.BenefitsLow barrier to entry.Share infrastructure and costLow management overheadsImmediate access to a broad range of applications.The contract can be terminated at any time.According to Nicholas Carr, the strategic importance of information technology is diminishing as it has become standardiz ed and less expensive.Issues against Cloud Computing.Although mottle computing is a less expensive system of computing, enterprises may pay more on operating expenses.Cloud computing has been highly criticized for its lack of privacy between users and their hosting companies. They hosting companies may monitor at will the communication and data stored in their systems. For example the National Security Agency (NSA) that works with American telephone set and Telgraph (AT T) and Verizon Communications, monitors all their phones which make people insecure for lack of privacy.There is no security in cloud computing but the Cloud Computing bond paper has been form to promote security assurances.Tesco is not using cloud computing services. But they can subscribe for it so as to spend less on information technology system.Conclusion.From the above information, we have seen how important information systems are in the development of an organization as it is being applied at every manag erial level in a business. So it is recommended that business owners should continue searching for more advance information systems that will help ease their supply and distribution chain.Recommendations.Information system is the only way for businesses to survive the pressure and competition that they are facing. If there is a any business that has not yet be highly connected to advance information systems, then that business should make a strategic plan about implementing cloud computing for a start because it is less expensive and will help the business save for future unforeseen circumstances.ReferencesOBrien, J (1999) Management Information Systems- Manageing Information Systems in the profit work Enterprise. Boston. Irwin MC Graw-Hill. ISBN 0071123733.Kenneth and Jane Laudon, Managing the Digital Firm, 8th Ed.Kotler, Philip, Keller, Kevin Lane (2006), Marketing Management, 12th edition. Pearson Education.Erik BOHLIN, Stranford L. Levin, Nakil SUNG, Chang-HO YOON (2004) Global Economy and Digital Society. Elsevier , Amsterdam.Nichlas Carr, (2008) Clouds and Storms.

Testing Issues in Java Technology

examination Issues in java TechnologyINTRODUCTIONSoftw atomic number 18 leavening is the manner of examining softw atomic number 18, to confirm that it satisfy its necessities and to identify errors. parcel rivuleting is an experimental examination which is conducted to afford stakeholders with information about the quality of the harvest-feast or service under assay, with respect to the context in which it is intended to operate. establishing can never entirely establish the exactness of computer softwargon. As an alternative, it provides an analysis or a relationship that comp bes with the state or sort of the product against a specification. Over its survival, computer software has sustained to grow in convolution and dimension. examination in the world of chocolate technology proposes many illuminateifiable and dissimilar challenges. Todays Java engineers are not only faced with multiple chopines, but also the scalability issues the like limited memory, nonstandard input, network traffic considerations which are encountered with an increasing array of Java technology-based computational devicesfrom Java Rings, to telephones, to set-top boxes. Because of dealing with many different platforms, and many different types of devices the tests are written in the Java computer programming language. An automatic software exam is a software function which is utilise to authenticate that a particular building block of source codes is running as evaluate. Software exam can be written asUnit Tests consolidation Tests or bankers acceptance Tests.The report also go bads an overview of the role of these technologies in Java testing. (ece.cmu.edu) consolidation TestingIntegration tests is utilise to test integration of several classes as against to testing classes in isolation. Mainly in J2EE environments like Web or EJB container gives a more than important functionality, hence integration testing has to be conducted in a container. This would tes t interaction across different application tiers like nettle to selective informationbase, EJBs and also other resources. Integration test is occasionally done by Programmers but not as frequently as whole test.Acceptance TestsAcceptance Test is explained as the group of tests which guarantee the contract between the application API and end user. These tests are done for the completed and deployed application. It is employ to check each use- casing in which the application is bread and buttered. It provides less test coverage and it is main in testing integration of application tiers such as containers and web servers. These tests are done by Quality Assurance testers and not by developers as test operates on external practise Programming larboards.Unit TestsChecking of the Developed Project, Programmers save unit tests to allege their own code. Unit testing vary from integration testing, which works well together, and acceptance testing, works according to the customers requ irements. Unit testing is the testing weapon which is used to test a single unit of code. In the case of Java, a unit testing that frequently connects to a distinct class. A unit test is fully automatic, non interactive, and dual ie, it moreover succeeds or be unsuccessful. By executing the code and trusting the output is not a testing. Neither instead of pen a small test driver that neither drives the code nor allows checking logs to come up if its working correctly. Unit testing is the code which is written, as a good involvement since it leads to higher-quality code, higher productivity, and lower maintenance with good evolution costs. The future(a) report will analyze various Unit Testing technologies like JUnit, TestNG and JTiger. (devx.com)JUnitJUnit is a unit testing method which is simple and open source frame work for regression testing released by IBM under mutual license version 5.0 and to write and run repeatable tests on the Java programming language it was hoste d on the source forge.Junit is a instance of Xunit architecture which was used for unit testing exemplar , XUnit was developed by Erich Gamma and Kent Beck. Knowledge and Experience gained with JUnit is very use full in developing test driven application development, and due to this friendship of JUnit is in use in test driven development. JUnit is also ported to other programming languages like PHP, C,python, Fortran, Perl,and C++. It is used as PHPUnit in PHP, Nunit in C, PyUnit in Python , fUnit in Fortran , TestClass and TestUnitin Perl and CPPUnit in C++ . All this unit testing posers family is collectively reffered as XUnit. Now late due to the development of revolutionary customer frameworks like AJAX, Junit has also been developed for use in java script as JSUnit.Junit amends the quality of code and increases the promote of programming. (en.Wikipedia.org)Junit Features includeAPI for Easily creating Java test CasesAssertions for testing expected results verify expect ed versus actual resultTest fixtures to share test data normallyTest runners to run testsFor forums and mailing lists.Aggregating tests ( suites)Junit MechanicsDefine a subclass of TestCase.Override the setUp() tearDown()methods.Define one or more public testXXX()methodsExercise the object(s) under test.Asserts the expected results.Define a static suite() factory methodCreate a TestSuite containing all the tests.Optionally define main() to run the TestCase in batch mode.JUnit ExtensionsJUnitReport-Apache Ant adjunct task-Uses XML and XSLT to generate HTMLCactus-Simple unit testing framework for server side Java codingJWebUnit-Framework for creating acceptance testing for web based applicationsXMLUnit Provides an XMLTestCase class which enables assertions to be made about theContent and structure of XMLMockObject double agent used to test the behavior of other objects Dummy object which mimics the external behavior of a true death penalty observes how other objects interact with i ts methods and compares actual behavior with preset expectationsStrutsTestCase testing code based on the Struts framework (javapassion.com)TestNGTestNG is an annotation-driven Java unit testing framework inspired by JUnit and NUnit which aims to overcome many limitations of JUnit. TestNG isnt just really powerful, innovative, extensible, and flexible it also illustrates an interesting application of Java Annotations, a bulky new feature in JDK 5.0. TestNG is designed in such away that it covers all categories in testing like unit, functional, end-to-end, integration, etc(testng.org)TestNG Features includeAnnotations no mandatory appellation patterns for test methods or extending classesAlso Supports Java doc annotations for Java 1.4Powerful test-fixture set-up and tear-down optionsJDK 5 AnnotationsJDK 1.4 also supports JavaDoc annotations.Test configuration is flexible.Data driven testing support using Data Provider.Parameters support.Distribution of tests in slave systems is allo wed.Execution model is much Powerful no motivation of Test Suite.It is supported many plug-ins and sort of peckers like occultation, Maven, IDEA, etc.By Embedding with Bean Shell improves flexibility.JDK functions are purchasable by default for logging and runtime.Methods for testing of application server.TestNG MechanicsWrite the care logic of the test and insert TestNG annotations in the code.Adds informations about the test in testng.xml file or in a build.xml (eg. class adduce etc).Execute TestNG.JTigerJTiger is a framework for unit testing and has tools for Java 2 Platform. It gives useful abstraction for penning unit test cases and fixtures. Functionalities provided by JTiger is most desired in unit testing of softwares. Generally Test-Driven Development is encouraged by JTiger development, though it is not mandatory, and any unit testing technique in software development is sufficient. umpteen features of Java Programming Language 1.5 is heavily used by JTiger like Ge nerics, variable argument lists, annotations, etc,. JTiger also encourages users to do documentation of unit test cases and fixtures to give a robust and easy maintain regression harness and unit test. Published and documented API is provided by JTiger frame work if there is a need for extending the functionality. The ability to run the test cases written by using JUint framework is a good physical exertion of extending JTiger framework. As a part of JTiger framework JUnit plugin implementation classes are included. (en.Wikipedia.org)JTiger Features includeJTiger makes every effort to ensure a robust unit test harness by providing a rich set of tools, and a reliable, usable framework on which to develop unit test cases. JTiger is an implementation that is based on improvements in software development methodologies, such as fundamental Programming (XP), which have matured since their inception. JTiger has been implemented using the same techniques that it encourages, specifically, Test Driven Development. JTiger includes its own unit test and regression harness with 100% method coverage. This aids in new or modified requirements for JTiger that arise in the unforeseen coming(prenominal). The JTiger source code base has been designed to ensure the absolute train best possible amount of decoupling of components and encapsulation such that future enhancements will not have a negative impact on future versions on JTiger. (userdoc.com)JTiger System RequirementsJTiger requires that tests are executed using a Java Virtual elevator car version 1.5 or higher. This does not mean that the code under test must be written using Java 1.5 language features. The software under test may target any JVM version such as 1.2, 1.3 or 1.4. It is precisely the test run that must execute under a JVM version 1.5. JTiger is capable of executing test cases that have been written using the JUnit test framework.JTiger ExtensionsJTiger future development is being investigated. Some of the features and topics that are under review include the development of a swing graphical user interface interface from which to execute unit test cases, the development of IDE ( coordinated Development Environment) plugins for Eclipse, and Intellij IDEA, and the possibility of a mock objects package that mocks J2SE and J2EE core classes. (userdoc.com)Testing Of Java Language Recommended By Other CompaniesMicrosoft Java Virtual Machine SupportTo be familiar with the need is to afford a smooth evolution for present users of the Microsoft Java Virtual Machine (MSJVM), Sun Microsystems and Microsoft have concur to widen Microsofts license to use Suns Java source code along with their compatibility test cases and the test suites. (microsoft.com)Open Quality Program to Improve the Quality of Java SoftwareAgitar This Software has declared a new multi-vendor scheme committed to take very careful attention on the testing side to improve the efficiency and the quality of java software pa ckages. Based on the Open Quality Program, Agitar software has published a wide range of unit level testing metrics in its own products, It has even including a formal weekly build results on its future unannounced new products and the new trends over time. The Agitar software has also published these software testing metrics for many popular open source software Java projects, which including JUnit, Hibernate, Cruise Control, Struts, spring, and even commode of other commercial products which is based on the open source such as the Oracles BerkeleyDB Java edition and JasperSofts JasperServer. (qthreads.com)Recent Testing News on upcoming Java productsJava Graphical User Interface Testing Tool Known as Squish is Supporting the New Eclipse Ganymede version 3.4 volt weeks Two days ago(2008-07-08) Germany BasedHamburg( froglogic GmbH )has announced today , to give support for automated the testing of new Java Rich thickening Platform the RCP applications which is based on the new Ec lipse version 3.4 release code that is rebootd as Ganymede. The Squish GUI for Java is a direct functional Graphical User Interface and also regression testing tool which is enabling the execution, creation and Modification of automated Graphical User Interface tests for Java programming on AWT/ send packing and SWT/RCP applications. The Squish GUI, and all the other all tests created with this, are completely made as cross-platform software and work on almost all the top leading operating systems like the Windows Operating Systems, Linux Operating Systems, Unix Operating Systems, and Mac Operating Systems X and even also on the embedded Linux. The support for testing Eclipse Version 3.4 the latest one, RCP Software applications has been completed and it is also available with the just newly released GUI Squish version 3.4. The availability of the third party tools, like the Graphical User Interface testing tools, is very important for the open source Eclipse community to increase it crave. The resent glad news is to see froglogic has very quickly adopting the new Eclipse version releases with its Testing GUI Squish tool, said Mr. Mike Milinkovich, Who is the Executive Director of the Company Eclipse Foundation. The new Ganymede version release is said to be another very important and great release of the Company Eclipse community which has make it even more easy, attractive and flexible for the application developers who uses it. The Quickly integrated support for testing tools on Eclipse software version 3.4 applications with the new GUI Squish tool has been a new and great logical step for the company, said Mr. Harri Porten, platform chief of froglogics company. Squish software offers a multipurpose testing based framework for Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications with a base choice of the popular test scripting languages like Perl , Python, Tcl, TSL and JavaScript, VBScript extended by the new test specific functions scripts, down of new open int erfaces, many add-ons, with integrations to the test management tools, a new powerful Integrated Development Environment (IDE) aiding the selecting, creation and finally debugging of the tests and a accruement of command line testing tools and the test management integrations facilitating the fully automated test runs on the applications. Contact email emailprotected or visit the URL www.froglogic.com/ slush to get an evaluation pack or to purchase the GUI Squish for the java Application or to know more about the product. Squish GUI tool also supports automated testing of java applications based on GUI technologies like as Trolltechs Qt, Swing-AWT, and Qtopia, also supports Web technologies DOM, HTML, AJAX, DHTML Mac OS X Carbon/Cocoa , JavaScript and other technologies also. (embedded-computing.com)JAVAS ENCOURAGEMENT IN TESTINGTodays software manufacturers face a variety of challenges when creating products to meet the increasing demand for software that takes advantage of Java te chnology. The growing complexity and diversity of softwareswith their varying operating systems, processors, and memory configurationsincreases the need for thorough testing to ensure customers will be satisfied. At the same time, service providers and manufacturers face the challenge of managingand, if possible, loweringinternal costs caused by excessive engineering overhead, disorganized development of test cases, or the impact of new data services on support operations. The Java software Test Suite simplifies quality assurance and reduces time-to-market for Java implementations by providing encyclopaedic tests and a robust test manager. These enable suite users to evaluate, validate, and verify the quality of implementations on particular software. The Java Test Suite that helps the software manufacturers ensures their reputation for quality, art object building customer satisfaction and loyalty. It helps lower engineering costs by standardizing and simplifying testing, and by minimizing the need to write quality assurance tests manually. Java is free and open. So java Testing is an important part of software development because of Open Source Testing Tools which are available in Java for an Effective testing key factor which reduces the total cost of maintenance of any application over its lifetime. Because of the reduced cost and time of development this can increase nest egg on quality assurance and of course on sustaining. Without knowing when to invest in better design, in post development quality assurance, in manual tests or in automatic testing forms a basic difference between successful and unsuccessful software projects in these tough and competitive days. (newsgroups.derkeiler.com)Suns testimonial for testing JavaTesting Java in an Object-Oriented WayTo apply eXVantage (a tool suite for code coverage testing, debugging, performance profiling, etc.) to a large, complex Java application at the implementation and unit testing phases in Avaya.Tw o open source-based tools that can help to generate workloads for the enterprise application SLAMD Distributed Load multiplication Engine and Sun Java Studio Enterprise software.Container-Free Testing With MockrunnerFitnesse Testing for Fast-Paced Agile Web DevelopmentJUnit ReloadedUsing In-Process Testing Metrics to gauge Software ReliabilityECLIPSE IN JAVA SOFTWARE TESTINGEclipse is a very widely used Open Source Integrated Development Environment (IDE), particularly for Java- and Web-based applications. Its very widely extensible with the use of scores of plugins available to help in developing these applications, so here I would like to discuss some of the plugins available for software testing. Eclipse TPTP (an evolution of Eclipses prior Hyades project) is an Open Source collaborative project that seeks to provide a common platform upon which specialized, differentiated, and interoperable offerings for software test and performance tools are created. TPTP, which stands for T est and Performance Tools Platform, supplies extensible frameworks and services for test and performance tools that are used end-to-end the application lifecycle, from development through production. It also delivers extensible exemplary tools that verify the utility of, illustrate the appropriate use of, and support the development and maintenance of the platform itself. (freshmeat.net)TPTP This provides a reference implementation of the recent UML2 Testing Profile based upon the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF). For logging and tracing, TPTP employs the Common-Base-Event (CBE) Format, which defines the structure of events in a centripetal format. Data pools are a concept which appears to be innovative for testing in Eclipse. A datapool contains data usable during a test run. Data pools are stored in a comma-separated file and can be displayed as an Excel-alike data sheet. Test cases can load datapools in the setUp() method and use the dedicated iterations to resume cell values for evaluation purposes. Separating test data from the tests themselves appears to be new functionality. Test Deployment requires the allocation of test artifacts to test locations. These locations can also be work bench locations. Through the concept of service abstraction, the Automatable services framework introduces a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) concept to TPTP. The framework introduces a layered architecture in which a client at a lower layer employs a model adapter to employ a service provided at a higher layer. Automation Client Adapters allow normal Java programs to consume Eclipse services. These adapters can launch a headless Eclipse from a specified Eclipse home, and are available through the tptp-automation-client jar. Various properties are made available through this API (e.g., the project property specifying a specific project in the workspace of the Eclipse instance). (freshmeat.net)Solex Web Application Testing with EclipseSolex is a free open source Web a pplication testing tool built as a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE. It provides functions to show a client session adjust it according to various parameters and replay it later typically in articulate to ensure non regression of the applications behaviour (with idiom testing capabilities being added at a later stage). By recording, we mean that Solex acts as an HTTP proxy and records all HTTP requests and responses going through the wire between a Web client (eg. a Web browser) and a Web server. The task of replaying a scenario consists in sending the previously recorded and eventually customized HTTP requests to the server and asseverate each response. Solex 0.5.0 works with Eclipse Release 2.1.2, Build id 200311030802 and Solex 0.5.3 works with Eclipse Release 3.1.1, Build id M20050929-0840. (Solex.com)Unit testingChecking of the Developed Project, Programmers write unit tests to verify their own code. Unit testing vary from integration testing, which works well together, and acce ptance testing, works according to the customers requirements. Unit testing is the testing mechanism which is used to test a single unit of code. In the case of Java, a unit testing that frequently connects to a distinct class. A unit test is fully automatic, non interactive, and dual ie, it moreover succeeds or be unsuccessful. By executing the code and verifying the output is not a testing. Neither instead of writing a small test driver that neither drives the code nor allows checking logs to see if its working correctly. Unit testing is the code which is written, as a good liaison since it leads to higher-quality code, higher productivity, and lower maintenance with good evolution costs. (devx.com)Unit Testing in Eclipse Using JUnitUnit Testing in Eclipse 3.1 prevail towards through the JUnit mechanism which was constructed in the Workplace. Eclipse permits a quick creation of test case class and also to provide a testing suite class to write the testing codes in. By means of E clipse, we use a Test Driven Development (TDD) which suit for a very simple mechanism to systematize and implement. The class which we wanted to test is created at 1st and so that the Eclipse finds a class that is underneath test and construct the test case class. The test cases are constructed with the desired trade in and expansion for JUnit to Execute. The test case classes are constructed with the real test case and then it is coded in through the programmer. The formation of test suite in Eclipse is still simpler. By designing a test suite, Eclipse will specify a name for specifying all of the test cases in the scope of the project. The code is to Execute test suites and to add test cases in the created software is added to the test suites. (open.ncsu.edu)JUnit Naming ConventionTesting Cases and Classes Named with classnamesFirst.java, hear classname is being tested for the classnames.Testing Cases with Test Methods Name test methodnames, where methodnames are the method name t o test.Applying Test Suites Eclipse which has a default name as First.javaIt is a well known thought-out for a good performance in testing, and to split the test case code from the application code. It is also a good idea which is to separate the JUnit and FIT tests as well. (open.ncsu.edu)EMPIRICAL i.e. STATISTICS AND NON-EMPIRIC TESTINGEmpirical testingSimilar to theoretical tests, there is one more test called empirical test which is being done by computers. As per the computer point of view empirical means experiments with certain PRNG. The generator itself is treated as black box only the sequence of PRNs is generated and is taken for evaluating the test statistic. In order to find the empirical test, one has to implement the PRNG and the test statistic. The limitations of empirical testing are commonly proposed by the amount of time and memory needed due to the complexity of the computations. (random.mat.sbg.ac.at)Non-empirical testingNon-empirical testing deals with non-param etric statistical models and non-parametric inference, including non-parametric statistical tests. Nonparametric methods which are often referred as distribution free methods, since they do not rely on assumptions in which the data are drawn from a given luck distribution. Non-parametric statistic can be explained as a statistic (a function on a sample) whose interpretation does not depend on the population fitting any parameterized distributions. The example for one such statistic is order statistics which plays a vital role in many non-parametric approaches. (en.wikipedia.org)Applications and purposeFor studying populations that has been taken on a ranked order (such as movie reviews receiving one to four stars) is called Non-parametric methods. The uses of non-parametric methods may be necessary, when the data has a ranking but no clear numerical interpretation, such as when assessing the preferences. Usually non-parametric methods make fewer assumptions other than the parametric methods, depends upon their applicability. In particular, they may be applied in situations where less is known about the application in question. Non-parametric methods are more robust due to the reliance on fewer assumptions and simplicity. Non-parametric methods may be easier to use in certain cases, when the use of parametric methods is justified. As per some statisticians, non-parametric methods are not useful because of their simplicity and greater robustness leading to leave less room for improper use and misunderstanding. (en.wikipedia.org)RecommendationsExample of a JAVA Based ApplicationThe Table below represents an example security standard for a Java application and mentions the type of software testing used in each controls. These Kind of security standard in applications will define how exactly the application security functionalities will behave.TYPEQuestionsUnitIntegrationAcceptanceInputValidationWhether all the user inputs are proper in length and data type?XXX ass urance of ApplicationWhether the application properly controls the accessing privileges?XXStorageWhether authentication privileges are stored securely?XManipulationWhether application enforces its access controls?XXSpecialCharactersWhether special characters are handled securely?XXXErrorMessagesWhether error message generic?XXLegacy dataWhether data are removed?XIt is clear that the Above Types can be tested more on using functional than, integration testing techniques. Lesser security functionality is tested by Unit tests, as lot of security functionality are provided in other modules like, web server and web container.The following sections will provide more details on performing security based tests in unit test, integration test and acceptance testTesting in Unit TestsTesting of classes and methods individually provides a best approach to functionality testing of codes. A unit test has to be performed on classes and methods individually without a any dependency on the other meth ods and classes. This issue gives limitation to the types of security tests which has to be performed, Hence this is going to test is going to be executed in very early stage of the development process.Testing IndependentlyUnit tests should only depends on the single independent class and it should not depend on Composition class or any base classesTesting VulnerabilityThe number of security Types that are been verified by us

Event-Driven Programming Features

Event-Driven Programming FeaturesEvent-driven computer programing known as a figurer schedule paradigm that utilize the occurrence of events to determine the control flow of the program. This type of application is designed to detect events as they occur, and use an appropriate event-handling modus operandi to deal with it, which normally use a callback function or method.Theoretically, event-driven style of computer programing is supported in all programming languages, but they may different in the way of implement it, for example, its easier to implement in languages that provide high-level abstractions, such as closures. Besides, for different programming environments such as adobe brick Flash, they are proper(postnominal)ally tailored for triggering program compute by events.Generally, thither is a main loop in an event-driven application that used to listen for events and triggers a callback function when there are events is detected.Key features and characteristics of event-driven programmingService OrientedService oriented is a key features in event-driven programming that used to write programs that are made for services and it takes does not slow down the in scoreation processing system as service oriented only consume little of the computer processing power and usually services run in the background of OS.Time DrivenIn event driven programming, time driven is a paradigm, its a code that runs on a time trigger, time driven can be a specific code that runs on a specific time, which could be once an hour, once a week or once a month, this means its a pre-set to do task. For example, windows update is the example of time driven, which user can set when to update or when to check and download the update.Event HandlersEvent handlers is a type of function or method that run a specific action when a specific event is triggered. For example, it could be a tone ending that when user click it, it will display a message, and it will pen up the messag e when user click the button again, this is an event handler.Trigger FunctionsTrigger functions in event-driven programming are a functions that decide what code to run when there are a specific event occurs, which are used to select which event handler to use for the event when there is specific event occurred.EventsEvents allow in mouse, keyboard and user interface, which events need to be triggered in the program in order to happen, that mean user have to interacts with an object in the program, for example, click a button by a mouse, use keyboard to select a button and etc.Simplicity of Programming and Ease of DevelopmentEvent-driven programming is simple and easier to program compared to other type of programming as its very visual, for example you can place a button by just select it and place it onto a form and write a code for it. Event-driven programming also easy for user to insert a pre-written code scripts into an existing application because it allows user to pause the code while its running. Which make developing using event-driven programming is easy.Compare Event Driven Programming with Object-oriented Programming (OOP)As mentioned above, event-driven programming known as a computer programming paradigm that used the occurrence of events to determine the control flow of the program, while objects-oriented programming (OOP) treats datafields as objects manipulated through pre-defined methods only and it constructed over quadruple major principles, which are Encapsulation, Data Abstraction, Polymorphism and Inheritance.JavaScript, ActionScript, Visual Basic and Elm are the example for event-driven programming, while C++, C, Java, Python, Ruby and Scala are the examples for object-oriented programming.In event-driven programming, a program is executed when they detected an event occur, for example, use mouse to click a button to show a message. Besides, in object-oriented programming, emphasis is given up to data and classes are the main part o f OOP, which mean classes are the blueprints of object and keep the data secure in the classes, only methods of particular classes are allowed to conniption the data.The classes are also different between event-driven programming and object oriented programming. In OOP, classes can be created by own while in event-driven programming user must use the defined classes.Object-oriented programming and event-driven programming may use together, which mentioned above that event-driven programming are support in all programming language, its just the way of implement it may different.ReferencesWhat is event-driven programming? (2017). Retrieved January 17, 2017, from http//www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/event-driven-prog.htm1010, zakkcuthbert. (2014, November 7). Key features of event driven programs. Retrieved January 17, 2017, from https//zakkcuthbertunit14eventdrivenprogramming.wordpress.com/2014/11/07/key-features-of-event-driven-programs/Event-driven programming (2017). . In Wikipedia . Retrieved from https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_programmingCommon_usesComparison of programming paradigms (2017). . In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_paradigmsStudytonight. (2016). Object oriented programming concepts in C++. Retrieved January 17, 2017, from http//www.studytonight.com/cpp/cpp-and-oops-concepts.php

Speech :: essays research papers

Hello ladies and gentlemen my name is BLANK and I am here because I am a risk taker. Have you ever perceive the expression if they jumped off a bridge would you too? My answer was a nervous yes to a free-fall jump off a bridge. This decision was a manner changing one.It was a hot and humid day and my friends and I were come out cycling for a few hours to fill in time. After a man we reached a foot bridge that was suspended over water. We all stopped before it. Suddenly my best friend turned around and said I dare you to jump off the bridge. Not to say anything, but I have a huge fear of heights. I have had it since when I went for a short, noisy and scary flight in a light aircraft when I was five. I have problems just going up in an elevator let alone jumping off a bridge.I could see other people jumping off and screaming while they fell towards the water. The noise from the screams was do it worse for me as it was causing my stomach to tighten and making me feel sick. So I de cided to take the easy way out of this positioning without embarrassing myself in front of my friends. Yes, ok I said nervously. But, only if you jump first. I added. He said fine then got off his round and put it down and said to look after it. He then made his way to the side of the bridge and stood up on the rail. He waved to us and then he just jumped. No fear or hesitation. He just jumped I was amazed and then I hear a splash. Oh no So much for the easy way out of this situation. I had assumed that he would decline and it would be left at that. We watched him swim back to the edge and then he went out of sight. I knew it was my turn next. A few minutes later he reappeared triumphantly and announced that it was my turn to jump like a shot that he had completed his end of the dare. With the spotlight on me and the pressure building as my friends cheered me on I decided that there was no way out and that it was time to face my fears and conquer them.

Causality among Financial Liberalization, Poverty and Income Inequality

Kappel, V (2009) explored the impact of financial liberalization on poverty and income contrast by using panel and cross country data of developed and developing countries. By applying OLS and 2SLS significant negative relationship is prime between financial development and income inequality. In developed countries weak evidence was found for financial development to decrease income inequality whereas in developing countries financial liberalization was found to increase income inequality. Pradhan (2010) meditates the causal relationship among scotch increase, financial development and poverty reduction in India during the period of 1951 to 2008. The empirical analysis deploys cointegration and dynamic Grangers author. Long run equilibrium relationship is found to be present among financial development, economic growth and poverty reduction .The Grangers causality test shows that there is unidirectional causality from poverty reduction to economic growth, economic growth to f inancial development, and financial development to poverty reduction and economic growth to poverty reduction. It also shows the presence of no causality between financial development and economic growth, and poverty reduction and financial development. The research lead recommends that economic growth is of prime importance to stimulate financial development and both could play a pivotal role in reducing poverty.Jeanneney and Kpodar (2006) examine how financial development is useful in reducing by poverty on one hand by McKinnon conduit effect and on the other by promoting economic growth. The study is conducted on a panel of developing countries during the period of 1966 to 2000 first by employing OLS and then by Dynamic panel Generalized Met... ....The assert of Albania (2009) inspects the causative association between financial development and economic growth for the Albanian economy using the Granger causality test for five distinguishable proxies for financial development. For the non-stationary and non-cointegrated series, the VAR model has been constructed and later, the above test has been applied. For non-stationary series but with a cointegrating relationship, the Granger-causality test has been applied after the construction of the vector error chastening model (VECM). The empirical findings of the study show that there is a positive relation between all indicators measuring the financial development and economic growth in the long term. While in the short term, this relation is quite vague since different indicators provide different results. The data used in this make-up belong to the period 1996-2007.