The Little Prince Essay

Lee Hyeon Ju Ms. Sarah Jane ELSEO November 23, 2012 The little prince The little prince has symbolism, it reminds people about meaning of life. Anthoine de Saint Exupery uses symbolism to teach the reader. Firstly, the king symbolizes how power is useless. The fox symbolizes love and the desert flower is meaning of religion. Antoine de saint Exupery uses symbolism to teach the reader meaning of life. He uses the king to represent about power is useless, the fox to teach love and the lower to symbolize religion. The king symblizes how power is useless.The first reason why power is useless for the king is because he lives alone on a planet. Even when the king tires to control the sunset the little prince realizes he can not control it. In order for someone to have power they must have subjects who listen to them. therefore power is useless because no one is under his control unless they decide to be. The fox symbolizes love. The first reason why the fox symbolizes love is because he le t little prince knows how to tame each other. The little prince knows how interaction is important in a elationship. The fox taught him to know invisible things more important than visible in our eyes. â€Å"What is essential is invisible to the eye. † Because the fox and, little prince could remember when they see same colour of them they can reminds each other. The desert flower symbolizes religion. The first reason why the desert flower symbolizes love is because the flower roots meaning of belief . Belief is makes people strong their mind it is not invisible to outside, but it effected so much just like plant’s roots.Also, the desert meaning of the hard life. †but never knows where to find them. The wind blows them away. † The flower had once seen a caravan passing ,the seven men blowed away because they did not have roots like a flower. In conclusion, the little prince make people know about meaning of life. First, the king teach people about useless o f power and the fox teach love, and desert flower is symbolizes of religion. Many people would know how meaningful to read this book because they find important lesson from it.

Distribution strategies of Toyota Essay

?The company’s distribution strategy covers choice of firm distribution and transport, number and location of warehouse and weather the company carries out activities itself or buys (outsources) them. Toyota’s automotive sales distribution network is the largest in Japan. As of March 31, 2009, this network consisted of 290 dealers employing approximately 40,000 sales personnel and operating more than 4,800 sales and service outlets. Toyota owns 19 of these dealers and the remainder is independent. In addition, at March 31, 2009, Daihatsu’s sales distribution network consisted of 62 dealers employing approximately 5,500 sales personnel and operating approximately 700 sales and service outlets. Daihatsu owns 36 of these dealers and the remainder is independent. Toyota believes that this extensive sales network has been an important factor in its success in the Japanese market. A large number of the cars sold in Japan are purchased from salespersons who visit customers in their homes or offices. In recent years, however, the traditional method of sales through home visits is being replaced by showroom sales and the percentage of automobile purchases through showrooms has been gradually increasing. Toyota expects this trend to continue, and accordingly, plans to improve its sales activities such as customer reception and meticulous service at showrooms to increase customer satisfaction. Sales of Toyota vehicles in Japan are conducted through four sales channels — â€Å"Toyota,† â€Å"Toyopet,† â€Å"Corolla† and â€Å"Netz. † In addition, Toyota introduced the Lexus brand to the Japanese market in August 2005, and currently distributes the Lexus brand vehicles through a network of approximately 170 sales outlets in order to enhance its competitiveness in the domestic luxury automobile market. The following table provides information for each channel as of March 31, 2009.

Industiral Revolution

The Industrial, French and American Revolutions Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and fa ctories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel—child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution. American Revolution The American revolutionary era began in 1763, after a series of victories by British forces at the conclusion of the French and Indian War ended the French military threat to British North American colonies.Adopting the policy that the colonies should pay an increased proportion of the costs associated with keeping them in the Empire, Britain imposed a series of direct taxes followed by other laws intended to demonstrate British authority, all of which proved extremely unpopu lar in America. Because the colonies lacked elected representation in the governing British Parliament, many colonists considered the laws to be illegitimate and a violation of their rights as Englishmen.In 1772, groups of colonists began to create Committees of Correspondence, which would lead to their own Provincial Congresses in most of the colonies. In the course of two years, the Provincial Congresses or their equivalents rejected the Parliament and effectively replaced the British ruling apparatus in the former colonies, culminating in 1774 with the coordinating First Continental Congress. In response to protests in Boston over Parliament's attempts to assert authority, the British sent combat troops, dissolved local governments, and imposed direct rule by Royal officials.Consequently, the Colonies mobilised their militias, and fighting broke out in 1775. First ostensibly loyal to King George III, the repeated pleas by the First Continental Congress for royal intervention on t heir behalf with Parliament resulted in the declaration by the King that the states were â€Å"in rebellion†, and the members of Congress were traitors. In 1776, representatives from each of the original thirteen states voted unanimously in the Second Continental Congress to adopt a Declaration of Independence, which now rejected the British monarchy in addition to its Parliament.The Declaration established the United States, which was originally governed as a loose confederation through a representative democracy selected by state legislatures. French Revolution The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets.Old ideas about hierarc hy and tradition succumbed to new principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. The growth of republics and liberal democracies, the spread of secularism (the concept that government or other entities should exist separately from religion and/or religious beliefs), the development of modern ideologies, and the invention of total war all mark their birth during the RevolutionDestabilisation of accepted process and/or challenge tradition. The term ‘revolution’ is common in all three of the events as societal upheaval and revolt was at the very epicenter of the American, French and Industrial revolutions. Political, social and customary structures were vastly altered, and the ‘common man’ was given an unprecedented voice in matters of national concern. There was a newfound value and respect self determination, and people started to stand up for what they believed was right.The Industrial R evolution profoundly changed the way society functioned as conventionally, people relied on manpower to produce goods and energy, not machines. The introduction of machines in Northern America conflicted with Southern America which lived off plantations and relied on slavery, and this eventually led to the American Civil War. In all three revolutions the destabilisation of a small number of people holding power occurred.The Americans and the French overthrew their governments which were essentially a small number of aristocrats, and the Industrial revolution made it possible for anybody to produce goods and provide services. Job availabilities increased and the employment rate increased. Furthermore, the machinery introduced in the 18th and 19th centuries serves as the very basis of industries today. Whilst the machinery may have evolved, they foreshadowed the technologically savvy and advanced society that today we call the 21st century. Industiral Revolution The Industrial, French and American Revolutions Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and fa ctories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel—child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution. American Revolution The American revolutionary era began in 1763, after a series of victories by British forces at the conclusion of the French and Indian War ended the French military threat to British North American colonies.Adopting the policy that the colonies should pay an increased proportion of the costs associated with keeping them in the Empire, Britain imposed a series of direct taxes followed by other laws intended to demonstrate British authority, all of which proved extremely unpopu lar in America. Because the colonies lacked elected representation in the governing British Parliament, many colonists considered the laws to be illegitimate and a violation of their rights as Englishmen.In 1772, groups of colonists began to create Committees of Correspondence, which would lead to their own Provincial Congresses in most of the colonies. In the course of two years, the Provincial Congresses or their equivalents rejected the Parliament and effectively replaced the British ruling apparatus in the former colonies, culminating in 1774 with the coordinating First Continental Congress. In response to protests in Boston over Parliament's attempts to assert authority, the British sent combat troops, dissolved local governments, and imposed direct rule by Royal officials.Consequently, the Colonies mobilised their militias, and fighting broke out in 1775. First ostensibly loyal to King George III, the repeated pleas by the First Continental Congress for royal intervention on t heir behalf with Parliament resulted in the declaration by the King that the states were â€Å"in rebellion†, and the members of Congress were traitors. In 1776, representatives from each of the original thirteen states voted unanimously in the Second Continental Congress to adopt a Declaration of Independence, which now rejected the British monarchy in addition to its Parliament.The Declaration established the United States, which was originally governed as a loose confederation through a representative democracy selected by state legislatures. French Revolution The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets.Old ideas about hierarc hy and tradition succumbed to new principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. The growth of republics and liberal democracies, the spread of secularism (the concept that government or other entities should exist separately from religion and/or religious beliefs), the development of modern ideologies, and the invention of total war all mark their birth during the RevolutionDestabilisation of accepted process and/or challenge tradition. The term ‘revolution’ is common in all three of the events as societal upheaval and revolt was at the very epicenter of the American, French and Industrial revolutions. Political, social and customary structures were vastly altered, and the ‘common man’ was given an unprecedented voice in matters of national concern. There was a newfound value and respect self determination, and people started to stand up for what they believed was right.The Industrial R evolution profoundly changed the way society functioned as conventionally, people relied on manpower to produce goods and energy, not machines. The introduction of machines in Northern America conflicted with Southern America which lived off plantations and relied on slavery, and this eventually led to the American Civil War. In all three revolutions the destabilisation of a small number of people holding power occurred.The Americans and the French overthrew their governments which were essentially a small number of aristocrats, and the Industrial revolution made it possible for anybody to produce goods and provide services. Job availabilities increased and the employment rate increased. Furthermore, the machinery introduced in the 18th and 19th centuries serves as the very basis of industries today. Whilst the machinery may have evolved, they foreshadowed the technologically savvy and advanced society that today we call the 21st century.

Extent of Growth Depends on the Diversity Among the Students and Essay

Extent of Growth Depends on the Diversity Among the Students and Faculty - Essay Example I was born in Macao, and hail from a Chinese background. This has influenced my viewing of the world from a Chinese perspective. Over the time that I have spent in the United States of America, I have broadened my vision of the world through interaction with students from different cultural and economic backgrounds, and with different academic capabilities. It is this experience that I believe will stand me in good stead in my choice of a good classmate to assist me in the development of myself as a person, and my knowledge and skills. I also believe that this is not intended to be one-way traffic of me receiving only, as I am capable of giving assistance for the development of other individuals. My potential classmate would be of Indian origin. There are several reasons for this choice of mine. Indians have had a very long culture and tradition extending as long as the Chinese. This has deeply ingrained traditional, cultural and social values in Indians. Such deeply ingrained culture and tradition do not wipe off easily in new environments, and there will be ample opportunities when these will be displayed. The reason why I feel that Indian traditions and culture are important lies in the ability of Indians to cope with adversity and then emerge triumphant. India is rising as an economic power of esteem within six decades of gaining independence from the ruin of two hundred years of colonial rule. I believe I have leadership qualities, but in this changing world, I need to develop the ability to cope with change, which I believe my Indian classmate could give me.

Unit 3 assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3 assignment - Essay Example how the problem has affected the citizens and the world at large in order for the reader to have detailed information concerning the problem being research. The author did not give the central aim of research. Instead, he highlighted the problem in the literature review. This results to failure of the author to attract the attention of reader. Although he highlighted that he will use quantitative and qualitative methods to collect their data that they will use in making the conclusion, they never gave the size of the population. In a well researched paper, the author should state the research methods used eg longitudinal design or use of focus groups to retrieve information. In addition, the author could have explained more on how he manipulated the data obtained through coding to come up with report or conclusion. He never highlighted the size of the sample to be used in gathering the information. This is important in helping the reader determine the credibility of the information discussed in the paper. Furthermore, he did not summarize the results obtained in the study. This could have given the reader a clue of what to expect after reading the whole article. Nevertheless, the paper qualify to be a research paper because it has been well formatted despite major points of a research paper being missed. Fraud has been one of the major problems that have been facing health sectors in the world an aspect that has caused them lose a lot of money. This paper addresses the issue of Medicare fraud by pinning down the core problem bringing about the fraud in the first place and then seeks ways in which by using quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method approaches, the problem can actually be studied, understood and addressed appropriately. To gain clarity of objective, the issue is addressed from different world views and more importantly, aligns the world view with the research methodologies.

The glass ceiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The glass ceiling - Essay Example ceived superiority of men in administrative and leadership roles, diminishment of women’s voices in decision-making situations and valuation of perceived ‘masculine’ traits, such as, aggression and dominance over perceived ‘feminine’ traits like understanding and patients, especially in highly competitive and political environments. The glass ceiling has a variety of effects on women. The first and most obvious is to subtly exclude them from reaching top positions in their fields. While a few women do make it into upper management or leadership roles in their fields, the vast majority of most professions, and especially the highest echelons of those professions, remain dominated by men. This process can also create a significant negative impact on a woman’s personal life. Most obviously, professional stalling that occurs when women hit the glass ceiling and are no longer able to advance creates significant emotional problems, such as, professional frustration and decreased self-worth. Women are often made to make lose-lose choices, for instance, having to decide between having a child, and thus loosing time, energy and prestige at work, or focusing on their careers and losing out on family opportunities – choices men are never forced to make. (For question three, maybe focus on things such as the fact that you can use traditionally feminine traits to be an excellent psychologist, you can side-step traditional hierarchies that exist in other professions, and publish work in a merit-based fashion to achieve prestige without needing to go through patriarchal

Perspectives on Friendship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Perspectives on Friendship - Essay Example From this report it is clear that  Mohammed and the author were playing in the yard when thay were suddenly attacked by a group of three boys who were members of a gang in school. They took our football and even threatened to beat them if they did not cooperate with them; the author remember how Mohammed was scared when the author confronted the three boys to leave them alone. The boys were very incensed that the author  had even dared to argue with them and vowed to make life very difficult for both of them but that did not scare me even an inch. the author was firm in my resolve to fight back and resist any challenge they would put us to, thus, the author did not move even an inch when one of the older boys advanced and looked him straight in the eye with his blood-shot piercing eyes.  This essay stresses that  Mohammed and the author have also found ourselves in trouble many times, especially with law enforcement officers for petty offenses like going to parties as minors with fake IDs and driving without licences. On many occasions, their parents have been informed of our offenses and they have subsequently been grounded for days; on his eighteenth birthday, for instance, Mohammed and the author were cruising in his father’s car when traffic officers caught up with him for over-speeding. Fortunately for them, his father was not very angry with him for taking his car and nearly crushing it by over-speeding but he gave them a comprehensive lecture on careful driving.

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Homework - Assignment Example Therefore, 2.5 tons/square yard = 5500/1296 pounds/square inches = 4.24 pounds/in2 6. 2.1 oz/in2 = tons/acre. One ton is equivalent to 3.125*10-5. To convert oz into pounds = 2.1/3.125*10-5. One square inch is equivalent to 1.59*10-7 acre. To convert square inch into acre = 1/1.59*10-7. Therefore, 2.1 oz per square inch = (2.1/159)*3.125 =6.5625/159 =0.0413 tons/acre 7. 34 square kilometer per liter into square mile per ml. one kilometer is equivalent to 0.62 miles while one liter is equivalent to a thousand ml. to convert 34 square kilometers per liter into square miles per ml = (34 * 0.622)/ 1000= 13/1000 = 0.013 miles per ml. 9. 81 square rd per 20 min to acres per hour. One square yd = 0.00021 acre hence 81 square yd = 81* 0.00021 = 0.0167. Also, to convert 20 min into hours = 20/60 =0.333. Therefore, 81 square yd per 20 min = 0.0167/0.333 = 0.05 acres per hour. 10. 1. 76 tons/cubic yd to oz/cubic inch. 1 ton =32000 oz, hence 1.76 tons = 56,320 oz. Also, 1 cubic yard = 46656 cubic inches. Therefore, 1.76 tons per cubic yd = 56,320oz/46656 cubic inches = 1.21 oz/cubic inch. 11. 150 rods per 6 min and 10 seconds into mile per hour. 1 rod =0.003125 miles while 1 min = 0.0167 hour. Therefore 150 rods = 0.46875 miles and 370 seconds = 0.103 hours. Speed = 0.46875 miles/0.103 hours = 4.55 miles per hour. 12. Theoretical capacity = width (feet) * Speed (meters/ seconds)/8.25. Speed of the combine is 4.2 miles per hour = 6759.24metrs/3,600seconds = 1.88 meters per second. Therefore, theoretical capacity = (20*1.88)/8.25 = 37.6/8.25 = 4.56 a/hr. 13. Efficiency is the product of theoretical capacity and effective field capacity (Field & Solie 124). Theoretical capacity = 7.2 a/hr. field capacity = 64.7 a/13hrs = 4.98a/hr. Efficiency = 7.2*4.98 = 35.86%. 16. Width of 7m = 22.97feet. Speed =6kms/hr = 6000m/3600sec = 1.67 m/s. theoretical capacity = (22.97*1.67)/8.25 = 4.65 a/hr. but 1acre =0.4hectare.

Constructive critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constructive critical analysis - Essay Example Obtaining a Swedish personal identity number, or being a card holder of the European Health Insurance Card, entitles one to health care at the standard patient fee, with some exceptions depending on tax payer status. Dental care, however, is not fully subsidized and therefore relatively expensive in Sweden. Both systems are devolved. Both are financed largely through the tax payer’s money. They both have primary and secondary care. Primary care is delivered by General practitioners, surgeons among others. Primary health care center you can receive health care for medical problems and illnesses that are non-urgent and not life-threatening (Holtz, 2013). both systems provide for private and public health care facilities, private health care offers the same services as their public counterparts, however, the patients in the private care generally pay through private health insurance whose premiums are paid by employers or the individual themselves. In Sweden there is an agreement that guarantees patients under private care are covered under the same regulations and fees that are applied to municipal care facilities. Every patient has a right to choose between a private and public provider in primary care (Quaye, 2007). The health care system in Sweden is organized and managed on three level in the country that include the national level, regional and local levels. Therefore, health and medical care responsibilities in Sweden is shared by the central government, county councils and municipalities. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs provides for principles and guidelines for care at the national level, to set the political agenda for health and medical care, supervise the lower level activities, allocate grants and evaluate services to ensure correspondence to national goals periodically. At the regional level responsibility is on the county council who ensure that there is efficient health care delivery,

Sales Proposal NESTLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sales Proposal NESTLE - Essay Example Nesextravaganza is the name of the cold coffee that will be offered by Nestle at all of the parlors’ outlets so that everyone around the country can try it out. It has a huge range of direct and indirect competitors as it is competing with many brands in each of its product category. As the competition is at its peak, Nestle has to work upon differentiation strategies to deal with their customers and also ensure that they maintain their customer base in the market. Associating the brand name with an ice cream parlor is a unique and creative idea as well because many organizations are not observed to take such a step. However, for the cold coffee, it is in direct competition with Starbucks, Gelato Affairs, Movenpick and all other coffee shops ice cream parlors that are offering cold coffees. In the initial phase, the company has decided to introduce three unique flavors in cold coffee; one will be simple but strong cold coffee, second option will be caramel flavored cold coffee and third will be the chocolate flavored cold coffee. Since Ben & Jerry’s has seen a robust growth in the demand of cold coffee at its coffee parlors, it has to include this product in its menu list so that it can enter into the coffee market like Gelato Affairs has done. All organizations need to move ahead in the competition with the business requirements, ignoring any competitive move would prove to be consequential for the firm. At it already has a huge range of flavors in the ice cream category, it has the potential of offering various other options in cold coffee in the long-run which can enhance the experience of its customers to a great extent. Nestle has carried out the market survey and it is concluded in the study that the customers are willing to pay premium prices for having an excellent cold coffee at the ice cream parlors. The respondents have emphasized in the survey that they would love to have a chilled glass of cold coffee at Ben & Jerry’s which is has been ranked at the top level by the customers. It was even revealed that the target market prefers to visit this parlor once a week with their friends as it is their favorite place for hangout. The product ‘Nesextravaganza’ has a huge market potential and it can achieve its objective of gaining the top market share in the cold coffee sector in the ice cream parlors. Nestle Nestle’s history dates back to 1866 when it st arted its operations in Cham, Switzerland by the name ‘Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company’. At that time, it was the foremost European company that was producing condensed milk for the customers. In 1905, the company merged with Nestle as a result of fierce competition within the industry and since then it has been dominating the confectionaries and coffee industries (â€Å"Nestle History†, 2013). The leading brands of Nestle are Nestle Pure Life, Nesquik, Nescafe, Nestle, Haagen-Dazs, Maggi, Milo, Nido, Nestle Milkpak and many more. As of 2012, the company had net profit of $ 10,611 million which is consistent with its 5% yearly growth rate despite the economic recession that is impacting the businesses globally (â€Å"Nestle Key Figures†, 2013). The primary objectives of the company are to be known worldwide as the leading corporation that fosters Nutrition, Wellness and Nutrition, gain trust of all the stakeholders and enhance the financial performance of the entire industry. It is common and well known fact

Creative Capitalism Essay Example for Free

Creative Capitalism Essay In an essay for TIME Magazine entitled â€Å"Making Capitalism More Creative,† multi-billionaire computer tycoon turned philanthropist Bill Gates (2008) espouses the potential for capitalism to flex and adapt in ways that can help address the needs of the poor or those in the developing Third World by creatively responding to them as markets with their own unique set of challenges, and as opportunities to build corporate brand recognition and prestige. In effect, Gates charges that by reconciling the self-interest of the profit imperative with that of the humanitarian drive, the world can make ‘lasting progress on the big inequities that remain. ’ Gates slyly implies that while governments, non-profit entities and other civic groups have gone to great lengths in these areas, such progress can sufficiently be hastened through the â€Å"[channeling] of market forces† and â€Å"innovation that’s tailored to the needs of the poorest.† One point of note in Gates’ piece is the benefits which accrue to corporations which can find business opportunities in the avenues of philanthropic interest. Gates opines that philanthropic recognition – such as industry report cards – go a long way to building a better brand that could potentially command the kind of consumer loyalty which makes such acts ultimately profitable. Also, Gates reminds readers that one of the reasons why the capitalist enterprise has so frequently overlooked the markets of the poor and the developing Third World is the extent to which their purchasing power is so limited as to remove them from its priorities. However, Gates notes that such a limitation applies only to individual purchasing power yet â€Å"one study found that the poorest two-thirds of the worlds population has some $5 trillion in purchasing power† and that oversight is largely a result of a failure to study their needs. Furthermore, Gates notes that because young people want to feel better about the institutions which employ them – â€Å"[they] want to feel like their company really is a be positive agent for change† – and as such, it becomes ultimately beneficial to engage in these positive acts because it is made up for with employee dedication and commitment. It becomes easier to recruit and retain them when they feel substantially invested in the company’s goals, especially if they mean more than meeting quarterly fiscal targets. It is on this note that it would be wise to consider what the implications are for companies that engage in such philanthrocapitalism with regards to performance appraisals. Not all employees are created equally and dedication to company goals does not necessarily obviate the need to review their performance and the means by which the company is able to successfully motivate them to the best of their ability. The primary consideration however, is the allocation of organizational rewards. Business consultant W. Edwards Deming (2000) defines a company’s obligations to be to all parties involved; not just to its shareholders, but to its employees, customers and the community it operates in. Therefore, any company which attempts to engage in the creative use of capitalism to address under prioritized markets (i.e., the poor and Third World) must also adopt a similar tact towards its employees. This means that organizational rewards should go beyond the conventional use of salary upgrades and promotions, but recognizing that employees will want to become more involved in the goals of the company which they respect – and that hierarchical superiority, compensation benefits or increased responsibilities are a moot point to such desires. This means acknowledging the areas at which they excel that can benefit the company in that regard, particularly innovation and strategic savvy. REFERENCES Gates, B. (2008, July 31). â€Å"Making Capitalism More Creative.† TIME Magazine. Retrieved September 4, 2008 from: http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1828069,00.html Deming, W. E. (2000) The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education. The MIT Press.

The Enlightenment of Handsome Lake Essay Example for Free

The Enlightenment of Handsome Lake Essay During the mid eighteen century a change in thinking accumulated. This new way of thinking is called Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was a time of insightfulness, finding a meaning and way to understand the universe. There were many Enlightenment speakers who wanted to share bright new ideas to the people. Such as Handsome Lake whom in â€Å"How America Was Discovered† had a vision regarding a change for his people. Handsome Lake enlightenment was a new approach for the traditional religion of his people. According to Handsome Lake his people way of life was perishing. The family togetherness had become a distant memory. The willingness to help a fellowman was null and void at this time. Due to the white man’s many gifts including poison (alcohol), and also the witches was corrupting them. Several new teachings were needed for the Iroquois people. First they had to know how the evil came about in order to correct it and move forward. Secondly, they had to understand how they were living was not of God (religion tradition). Third they had to realize life that they once new were no more; they had to adapt to the evolving universe. He enlightens with a story of a young minister seeking the face of God. In his wavering the young man found the devil according to Handsome Lake. The devil tells the man of a place where it was plentiful. Where he would become a rich man and have position of power. This proposal was very enticing for a young man wanting to do God’s will.. After the corruption had taken over, Handsome had a vision come to him with direction and defined the sin that his people had to repent of. ) Their previous way of life was virtuous, no evil habits or appetites for evil. At this point Handsome Lake visions and teaching included the talk of witchcraft, in love magic, in abortion and in drunkenness. These sinful acts gave concern for the people of Iroquois salvation. () Handsome knew the world was moving fast and leaving his people to destruction. The new teaching was called Gai’wiio and is believed to be practice today. The attempt to open the people mind to allow them to understand what was happening to them as a people.

Impacts of Commercial Pressures on Audit Performance

Impacts of Commercial Pressures on Audit Performance Given the commercial pressures  are Auditors doing a good job? Introduction For two decades the debate has raged regarding whether auditors are performing their tasks adequately, within the bounds of the commercial pressures they are under. In preparing this paper, we have studied current research and comment surrounding this issue. Our opinion is that, although there are areas of serious concern and issues that need to be addressed, generally the auditing profession is doing a good job. â€Å"The debacle of Enron has shaken core assumptions about auditors and auditing.† (Kay and Carsberg 2002). Following the collapse of Enron, and its auditor’s Andersen, the role, competency, quality and standards of auditors came under increasing scrutiny, resulting in a raft of headlines such as the one quoted. The call from Kay and Carsberg, and others, for national and international standard committees to be set up, was quickly responded to. The US Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) and UK Combined Code of Corporate Governance (2003), both of which imposed stringent conditions onto the audit process, were swiftly introduced. As a result, the profession, through the IFA[1] (2006) responded with a complete overhaul of standards. All these regulations and standards have been subject to constant revision since their inception. However, concerns still exist regarding auditor performance as recent attempts by the UK government to criminalize certain audit failures shows (Parliamentary Correspondent 2006). In the same article audit firms responded, stating such a move would be â€Å"both costly and ineffective†[2] and that the â€Å"proposed offence will inevitably lead to defensive auditing, which is not in the interests of the profession or clients.†[3] . The auditing process, particularly in respect of Plc’s[4] is a complex procedure. There is a significant amount of preparatory work to be undertaken prior to the audit itself, including an understanding of the client’s business, evaluation of the risk, and the costing and construction of the audit itself (Dassen et. al. 2004, ch.6). This will determine the depth, breath, and percentage of testing required, fulfilling their tasks and complying with the requirements of all the applicable regulations and codes. This process also includes reaching an agreement on the fees to be charged. The audit task is even more complex when the organisation involved is a multi-national or transnational corporation. In addition, auditing firms have to ensure that they, and all of the persons involved in the audit, when preparing the audit, need to take into account all modifications and improvements to IFA standards, Company Law and the Combined Codes (Grey and Manson 2004). To monitor audits standards the government set up the Audit Inspection Unit (2006). The task of this unit is to ensure audits have complied with all current regulations (see page 6 of the report). Their latest report covered the â€Å"big four† firms and, for first time, the next five largest auditing firms. Seventy-seven audits were reviewed, over a number of sizes and industry sectors (see Appendix 1). Although, in general terms, the report responded positively, concluding that auditing firms are maintaining a reasonably high standard, there were some concerns. They found that progress on previous recommendations had been slower than expected, although there were mitigating circumstances (see section 4.1.1, p.11). In addition there was some concern expressed regarding the audit documentation (section 4.4.7, p.21). However, in other areas, such as leadership and human resources (section 4.2), improvements had been seen. In their final analysis, only in three areas did the Uni t make further recommendations. Addressing the position from the government viewpoint, a report was commissioned by the FRC[5] (Oxera Consultancy Group 2006). This report concentrated on the availability of auditor choice to corporations, and the competitive aspect of the profession in general. Whilst agreeing with the Audit Reporting Unit’s conclusion that generally the audit profession was performing their tasks well, this report expressed concerns in other areas. These focused on the dominance of the major audit firms within Plc and international fields. The fear is this leads to lack of choice and has produced increases in fees that exceed inflation by a significant amount, as much as 11%. There was also recognition that, from a logistical and cost point of view, it was virtually impossible for other auditing firms to compete for this market. One of the resultant fears that most corporate management expressed, was the problem that would be caused if there was a consolidation from four to three firms, and the impact this would have on other accounting and financial services, as well as the audit choice. Conclusion Having studied all of the research, we would concur with the conclusion that in view of the commercial concerns, audit firms are generally performing a good job. However, in our opinion, there is a need to address the competitive issues surround audit firms in the cases of quoted company audits. We would recommend that the laws of competition should be applied to the audit industry to ensure the numbers of firms do not reduce still further, and that ways should be considered to enable other firms to compete successfully in this market. References Audit Inspection Unit (2006) 2005/6 Audit Quality Inspections. Financial Reporting Council. London. UK Dassen, R., Schilder, A., Wallage, P. and Hayes, R. (2004) Principles of Auditing: An Introduction to International Standards on Auditing. FT Prentice Hall. Gray, Iain and Manson, Stuart (2004). The Audit Process: Principles, Practice and Cases. Third edition. Thomson Learning. Handbook of International Auditing, Assurance, and Ethics Pronouncements. (2006). International Federation of Accountants. New York. Kay, John and Carsberg, Bryan (2002) Stiffening the auditors’ backbones. Financial Times. UK Oxera Consultancy Group (2006). Competition and choice in the UK audit market. Report prepared for Financial Reporting Council. London. Parliamentary Correspondent. (2006). Auditors may escape criminal sanctions. Accountancy Age, UK. Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) Retrieved 6 November 2006 from http://www.sarbanes-oxley-101.com/sarbanes-oxley-TOC.htm The Committee on Corporate Governance (2003). The Combined Code on Corporate Governance. Financial Reporting Council. London. Footnotes [1] International Federation of Accountants [2] Baroness Noakes, a former KMPG partner [3] An Ernst Young spokesman [4] Public Limited Companies [5] Financial Reporting Council

The Beginning of Human Life Form Essay -- Artificial Protocells Essays

The Beginning of Human Life Form As science and technology advance, an understanding of the origin of life becomes a feasible possibility. Artificial life research seeks to mimic life and to gain knowledge of the origin of life through reenacting it. This research strives to create the simplest possible â€Å"organism† that fulfills all of the requirements of life. These researchers define life as that which can evolve, self-reproduce, metabolize, adapt to environmental changes, and, ultimately, die. A fundamental concept behind research attempts is emergent properties, those that arise in more complex levels and are not predictable from the properties of lower hierarchical levels. Researchers use two approaches to create protolife: the â€Å"bottom up† approach strives to create life from nonliving components, while the â€Å"top down† approach attempts to simplify living cells to create the simplest possible cell and thus give a glimpse of a possible form of the first living cell. The â€Å"bottom up† approach seems to be the more widely attempted method because it is believed that if nature had to start with simple building blocks, we should do the same. There are two theories about the order in which life emerged; â€Å"one [†¦] assumes the primacy of metabolism and cellular organization [while] the other [†¦] assumes the primacy of reproduction and genetic information† (Lifson). Thus, much relevant research focuses on determining whether the origin of life began with self-replicating, information storing molecules (such as RNA or PNA) or with other molecules such as lipids or proteins (which form, for instance, encapsulating membranes). Whatever the order in which these characteristics evolved, there are three components a protocell m... ... Internet document accessed 11/21/04. http://www.geocities.com/giantfideli/ CellNEWS_Scientists_to_Create_A_New_Form_of_Life.html Lifson, Shneior. â€Å"On the Crucial Stages in the Origin of Animate Matter.† Journal of Molecular Evolution (1997) 44:1-8. Rasmussen, Chen, et al. â€Å"Transitions from Nonliving to Living Matter.† Science. Volume 303. 02/13/04. Rasmussen, Steen, et al. Bridging Nonliving and Living Matter. (2003). Bada, Jeffrey L. and Antonio Lazeano. â€Å"Prebiotic Soup—Revisiting the Miller Experiment.† Science. Vol. 300: 745-56. May 2003. â€Å"Scientists Create a Virus.† CreationTalk.com Forum. Internet document accessed 11/21/04. http://www.creationtalk.com/message-board-forum/viewtopic.php?t= 482&view=next Zimmer, Carl. â€Å"What Came before DNA?† Discover. Vol. 25: 34-41. June 2004.

Monopoly of Petroleum: OPEC Essay -- Business Case Studies Oil Essays

Monopoly of Petroleum: OPEC Images Not Included A monopoly is evident where a firm is the sole seller of its product and if its product does not have close substitutes, as discussed in (Gans J., King S. Mankiw A. 2003). This essay will discuss the monopoly of petroleum by The Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), particularly how it controls the price of petrol, threats to its monopoly and the social costs involved. OPEC was established in the 1960's and ever since, Saudi Arabia gained a reputation of being the major power of the organization. Saudi Arabia has the biggest oil reserves in the world and production costs lower than any country. (economist.com 2003)This means that it is a natural monopoly and economies of scale arises; when the long run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases as illustrated in figure 1. (Gans, J. King, S., Mankiw, N., 2003) Saudi Arabia is the undisputed leader of OPEC. Figure 1 Economies of Scale as a factor of Monopoly Cost Average Total Costs Quantity of output Saudi arabia's petroleum monopoly is very much its' government's major interest. The kingdom earned over $80 billion in revenue from oil in 2000.(economist.com 2003) OPEC's ability to influence the market price is the key of its power. Compared to a competitive firm, the demand curve for a monopoly is a horizontal one as it can set any quantity it wants for a given price. The demand curve slopes downwards... ... production costs is amongst the lowest in the world. Iraq has the potential of overthrowing OPEC's regime if OPEC countries like Russia and France are ready to develop Iraq's oilfields so that it can be used to full efficiency. Does this mean that, to stop a monopoly, another monopoly must be used to overcome it? Time will tell, especially when UN sanctions are lifted and the new Iraqi government is formally established. In conclusion, OPEC's monopoly of the petroleum industry has been a strong one since the 1960's since its members enjoy economies of scale. Its decisions concerning the output of petrol have always been strong affecting the rest of the world. This monopoly is socially inefficient due to the output and the deadweight loss that results. Interestingly enough, to break this monopoly, the new Iraq has the potential to turn the market power around.

?Letter to Americans? by E. P. Thompson :: essays research papers

â€Å"Letter to Americans† by E. P. Thompson Dated back in 1986, â€Å"Letter to Americans† is as if it’s written in the last three-four years. In it E. P. Thompson explains why he is anti-American in his beliefs. First off, he starts with that he is in two minds about this state of his. Even his friends doubt he is anti-American, thinking he is joking. We also read how the author traces American ancestry on his mother’s side- he goes back to his great-great-grandfather who lived in Lincoln times. Most of his ancestors are white Protestants from the upper class. Second of all, Thompson presents his idea (which he defends throughout almost the whole text) that â€Å"military† troubles had started a long time ago. He gives examples with the Middle East, Ireland and even England. One of the strongest parts is the questions-passage: the sender asks Americans what made them change, why the national-exaltation†¦ He doesn’t look for the answers. Terrorism is the next problem that is discussed in â€Å"Letter to Americans†. Thompson gives an interesting example with the death of an American serviceman which was highly noticed and at the same time the death of sixty-three other lives (non-American) is left almost unmentioned. E. P. Thompson doubts the moral of war. Or he doubts the moral of anti-terrorist war. In the next lines we read how disappointed he is that he’s half-American. But he also doesn’t like being half-English after the â€Å"heroine† is â€Å"walking tall†- Margaret Thatcher is accepted as a betrayer of national honour. The author doesn’t forget to mention the relationship between USA and NATO. He thinks that Americans welcome NATO as a weapon for America’s affairs, not of the world’s. In his final words, it is suggested that either Europe should invite USA to leave NATO or Europe should expel America from it. It is somehow strange for today’s reader to find out that the situation with America’s foreign affairs hasn’t changed much. As some clever people have said, â€Å"The History book on the shelf is always repeating itself.† Even after nineteen years, Americans think of themselves as citizens of the strongest nation in the world. Even after the September the 11th. Even after Iraq. And Afghanistan. The next worst thing that could happen to the new American history was Bush’s re-election. I doubt so many American people are that dumb†¦ I lived in USA and most of the people I met there don’t like his deeds.

Making Hotplates

Making Hotplates What changes in the work situation might account for the increase in productivity and the decrease in controllable rejects? According to the article, the company had 10 workers that were responsible for assembling hot plates with the appropriate tools. Each person was responsible for assembling a part of the hotplate instead of the whole thing. One person would start the hotplate assembly, when they were finished they would pass it to the next, who would begin their part, etc. When the company decided to make each person responsible for an entire plate, productivity turned around. The reasons for this turn around are less wasted time and a feeling of completing something by the workers. If worker #2 is faster than worker # 1, he will be waiting on #1 to finish so he can get started on his next one. In addition, many people want to have the satisfaction of finishing a product, and when the product is â€Å"theirs,† they will take more pride in making sure it is done correctly. The worker said, â€Å"Now, this is my hotplate† because he is proud of the work he has accomplished. They now have a sense of ownership when it comes to the hotplate, instead of apiece part of it. Empowering enables people to use their talents and capabilities, fosters accomplishment, invests in learning, finds the spirit in an organization and builds effective relationships, informs, leads, coaches, serves, creates and liberates† (Empowering Manager) What might account for the drop in absenteeism and the increase in moral? Going back to question 1, the reason for the increase in moral is the same reason the productivity increased. It is a sense of completion and satisfaction by the workers with the new assembly process. They feel like they are important to the company and they can now compete to see who produces the most and who produces the best product with rewards as an incentive to try to be the best. When you have a sense of completion, it makes you want to do the best you can. They were also told that if they did not like the new way of doing business they could go back to the old way. This made them feel as if they had some control over the situation and made them feel like their feelings matter, when before they did not have that. What were the major changes in the situation? Which changes were under the control of the manager? Which were controlled by workers? The biggest change with the making of hotplates is the assembly process. They went from an assembly line with the first person doing part, the next person doing their part until the last person who boxed it up to ship. The change put each person responsible for making the entire hotplate. By doing this, they increased morale and productivity. The managers were responsible for making the change from an assembly line and increasing the morale by doing so. Stevenson says that top management has â€Å"the ultimate responsibility for quality† (Stevenson, 2009, pg. 417). Stevenson also says one thing high quality does is in the workplace is yield higher productivity which they had after the quality of work changed for the workers. The workers were in control of the productivity increase. What might happen if the workers went back to the old assembly line method? If the workers went back to the old way of business, everything else would go back to the old way too. This means the workers would start missing days again, morale would drop, and the productivity would drastically decrease. This would happen because the quality of their work has decreased which would then decrease productivity all over again. Now that they have seen how important they feel when they are in charge of the entire hotplates, and not just parts of it, I feel things would be worse than before. References Stevenson, W. , (2009). Operations management (10th ed. ). New York : McGraw Hill/Irwin. The Empowering Manager Is†¦Briefcasebooks. com

Social Work: Components of Working in the Substance Abuse Field

1) The critical components of professional practice while working in the substance abuse field: I. Engagement: – This process continues throughout all of the stages, or components. Engagement involves building rapport with the client but because people with substance abuse problems are often scared, emotional, defensive and unable to trust this can be difficult. Preparing prior to the initial interview is very important as well as limiting any interruptions while meeting with your client. II. Assessment: Assessment of a person with a possible substance abuse problem can be very complicated. First step is to find out if the client is suffering from substance abuse or substance dependency. The various dimensions of an assessment are biological, psychological and social. – The biological assessment can be done by reviewing their medical history and current health and can provide clues to any medical treatment needed. – The psychological dimension involves reviewing the clients mental health history to determine if there may be any underlying mental disorder.Questions about anxiety levels, depression, unresolved trauma or grief are asked then shifts to the reasons for starting, stopping and continuing the behavior. – The social dimension involves engaging the client in review the various people in their life: family, friends, co-workers and other social networks. Who supports them, where is there tension and stress, what relationships have been affected by the behavior, etc†¦ – Strength based assessments focuses on what the client wants in their life and tends to me more motivating.Exploring the strengths in addition to the negative provides a better balance and is respectful. – Once the assessment has been made, the next step is to develop an intervention plan that is unique to the situation and the client. III. Intervention: Interventions focus on work at many different systems levels, from individuals and families t o organizations and communities. In addition, include inpatient detoxification to help with the initial withdrawal and pre-existing medical problems. There is behavioral approach that involves changing behavior by using positive and negative reinforcement.Family interventions, which help to identify relationships and communications that encourage or excuse substance abuse behavior. There are also options to join self-help groups or group therapy, which focus on the why's. In some cases medication may need to be prescribed or moving to a therapeutic community is necessary. The social worker decides which approach to take or what strategy to use and client based on what the client needs, their culture, and specific goals. 2) Most older adults want to maintain independence as long as possible; how has this led to the development of a continuum of care for older people? The continuum of care is based on the principle of least restrictive which involves helping the older adult remain in their own home for as long as possible. Some of the services apart of the continuum that are least restrictive include monitoring services like life alert, homemaker services that involve someone assisting around the house (cleaning, laundry, shopping, or personal care such as, bathing and dressing etc) or even in home health care. 3) Social workers involved in low enforcement†¦Social workers are involved in cases regarding traffic accidents and fatalities, child abuse, suicide, alcohol and substance abuse, mental health emergencies and family disputes. Social workers provide crisis intervention, brief individual or family counseling, referrals, victim assistance as well as community crime prevention efforts. Home visits, crime scene crisis work, and increasingly involved in crime prevention work in the community by leading action efforts related to the development of youth services, drug courts and even in the reform of mental commitment laws.

Cyber Crime as 21st Century Problem Essay

Abstract Subsequent research has focused in establishing Cybercrime as an activity only for computer programmers. However, Cybercrime has recently expanded to appear as a full capital offense since it integrates multiple forms of criminal activities. Per se, Cybercrime has proved to be a social, economic, and political form of disturbance, or in other words, a mother of 21st century crimes. The commencing research will endeavor to prove that Cybercrime should be managed in a more responsive method since it encourages the development of other crimes. The research is defragmented into three main sections, firstly, a background establishing the crude nature of Cybercrime. Secondly, the research will provide a critical review of forms and the extent of crime. Thirdly, the research will provide the authors opinion on what should be done in relation to Cybercrime. Background Half a decade ago, when computers were evolving to their current state, little was known of any criminal activity, which could have been associated with the process. However, with time, Cybercrime grew leading to the introduction of malicious activities that attempts to swindle the information wealth of the user. In recent times, most countries, even in the developing world are processing laws, which should mitigate or even extinguish Cybercrime. Cybercrime is one of the most sophisticated crimes since the attacker is remotely located and can lead to losses of information, or even financial wealth. Forms and Crime Extent There have been different forms of Cybercrime activities. This includes, but not limited, Denial of Service (DOS) attacks, Malware, and computer viruses. The second class of Cybercrime activities includes, information warfare, phishing, swindles, fraud (Cybercrime, 2012) as well as, cyber-stalking. Computer fraud involves insincere misrepresentations of facts. This could be, altering, destroying and suppressing unauthorized transactions of information. In addition, altering, or deleting stored data (Lusthaus, 2013). Besides, this could include, altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages by altering writen code for fraudulent purposes. Cybercrime (2012) has also argued the possibility of altering or manipulating electronic images, for instance, pictures, which can be applied as evidence in a court of law. Jewekes (2006, p. 349) assess that, there has been a subsequent debate attempting to justify the validity of offensive content as part of Cybercrime. For the last one decade, the world has been evolving to embrace a rapid social media, with websites such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn registering billions of users. However, attackers and scammers have utilized this opportunity to harm innocent users against proper web usage. A common form of offensive content is pornography, alongside, hate speech, racism and blasphemy (Greece, 2014, pp. 45-48). The research cannot overlook the presence of other Cybercrime related offenses such as, cyber terrorism, harassment, drug trafficking, human trafficking, prostitution and threats. The presence of these vices means Cybercrime should be recognized as form of normal crime but only happening on the internet. Conclusion Following the increased levels of Cybercrime related incidences, it is necessary to enroll combative systems, which will counter Cybercrime. The research has identified various damages related with Cybercrime. Woollacott (2007) seconds the research in arguing that, while it is evident that previous criminal instances in relation to Cybercrime focused entirely on information related malpractices, recently, the presence of the radical activities, for example racism, pornography etc, has proved the necessity to encourage Cybercrime responsive mechanisms. For that reason, this research proposes the inclusion of more robust mechanisms whereby, software developers, researchers, and legal advisers act proactively in mitigating Cybercrime related incidences. As such, the society will be encouraged to  thrive in a free and fair environment where Cybercrime is extinct. References Cybercrime. (September, 2012). Understanding Cybercrime: Phenomena, challenges and legal response. Cybercrime. Retrieved August 26, 2014, from http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/Cybercrime%20legislation%20EV6.pdf Greene, S. S. (2014). Security program and policies principles and practices (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Pearson. Jewkes, Y. (2006). Book Review: Cybercrime and Society. Crime, Media, Culture, 2(3), 348- 349. Lusthaus, J. (2013). How organised is organised Cybercrime?. Global Crime, 14(1), 52-60. Woollacott, P. (2007). Cybercrime comes of age. ITNOW, 49(2), 6-7.

Sheet Metal Design Site Map

Sheet Metal Design Site Map Preface Using This Product More Information What's New? Getting Started Entering the Workbench Defining the Parameters Creating the First Wall Creating the Side Walls Creating a Cutout Creating Automatic Bends Unfolding the Part Extracting Drawings Basic Tasks Managing the Default Parameters Editing the Parameters Bend Extremities Bend Corner Relief Bend Allowance Creating Walls From an Existing Solid From a Sketch Tangent Walls From an Edge Extruding Isolating Walls Creating Rolled Walls Creating Bends Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugsm. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Bends from Walls Automatic Bends Conical Bends Bends From Line Creating Swept Walls Creating a Flange Creating a Hem Creating a Tear Drop Creating a Swept Flange Redefining Swept Walls Limits Displaying Swept Walls Axes Unfolding Folded/Unfolded View Access Concurrent Access Creating a Cutout Stamping Standard Features Point Stamp Extruded Hole Curve Stamp Surface Stamp Bridge Louver Stiffness Rib Creating User-defined Stamping Features Punch and Matrix Opening and Cutting faces Editing User-Defined Stamps Patterning Site Map ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Rectangular Patterns Circular Patterns User-Defined Patterns Corner Relief Redefining a Corner Relief Creating a Local Corner Relief Creating Corners Creating Chamfers Mapping Elements Saving As DXF Reference Elements Advanced Tasks Integration with Part Design Designing in Context Designing†¦ Modifying†¦ PowerCopies Management Creating PowerCopies Instantiating PowerCopies Saving PowerCopies Looking For Sheet Metal Features Workbench Description Menu Bar Sheet Metal Toolbar Constraints ToolbarReference Elements Toolbar Specification Tree Customizing Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Glossary Index Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish /sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Preface The V5 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design is a new generation product offering an intuitive and flexible user interface. It provides an associative feature-based modeling making it possible to design sheet metal parts in concurrent engineering between the unfolded or folded part representation.V5R7 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design offers the following main functions: Associative and dedicated Sheet Metal feature based modeling Concurrent engineering between the unfolded or folded part representation Access to company defined standards tables Dedicated drawing capability including unfolded view and specific settings. All sheetmetal specifications can be re-used by the CATIA – Knowledge Advisor to capture corporate knowledge and increase the quality of designs. Natively integrated, CATIA – Sheet Metal Design offers the same ease of use and user interface consistency as all CATIA V5 applications.As a sca lable product, CATIA Version 5 Sheet Metal Design can be used in cooperation with other current or future companion products in the next CATIA generation such as CATIA Version 5 Assembly Design and CATIA Version 5 Generative Drafting. The widest application portfolio in the industry is also accessible through interoperability with CATIA Solutions Version 4 to enable support of the full product development process from initial concept to product in operation. Using This Product More Information Preface http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr01. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Using This ProductThis guide is intended for the user who needs to become quickly familiar with the CATIA Version 5 Sheet Metal Design product. The user should be familiar with basic Version 5 concepts such as document windows, standard and view toolbars. To get the most out of this guide, we suggest you start reading and performing the step-by-step tutorial â€Å"Getting Started†. The next s ections deal with the handling of more detailed capabilities of the product. Using This Product http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr03. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Where to Find More InformationPrior to reading this book, we recommend that you read the Infrastructure User's Guide. The Part Design User's Guide, the Assembly Design User's Guide and the Generative Drafting User's Guide may prove useful. Finally, you can read the Sheet Metal Production User's Guide to find out more about that product and to fully use the interoperability between the two products. Conventions More Information http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr04. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] What's New? This table identifies what new or improved capabilities have been documented in Version 5 Release 8 of the Sheet Metal Design workbench.Basic Tasks New: Creating chamfers New: Displaying swept wall axes New: Saving as DXF Enhanced: Creating walls from an existing Part Enhanced: Cre ating walls from an edge Enhanced: Extruding Enhanced: Defining bend extremities when manually creating bends from walls or automatically creating them Enhanced: Stamping Enhanced: User interface of user-defined stamping features (punch and die and cut-out and opening faces). Enhanced: Choice of convex/concave edges when creating corners Enhanced: Mapping elements Advanced Tasks Enhanced: Creating PowerCopy Features Enhanced: Instantiating PowerCopy FeaturesWhat's New? http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugwn. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Getting Started Before getting into the detailed instructions for using Version 5 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design, the following tutorial provides a step-by-step scenario demonstrating how to use key functionalities. The main tasks proposed in this section are: Entering the Workbench Defining the Parameters Creating the First Wall Creating the Side Walls Creating a Cutout Creating Automatic Bends Unfolding the Part Extracting Drawi ngs All together, these tasks should take about 15 minutes to complete. Getting Started ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs01. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Entering the Sheet Metal Workbench The Sheet Metal Design functions are available when you are in the Part environment. Several functions are integrated from the Part Design workbench. This task shows how to enter the workbench. Choose the Mechanical Design -> Sheet Metal Design item from the Start menu. The Sheet Metal toolbar is displayed and ready to use. You may add the Sheet Metal Design workbench to your Favorites, using the Tools -> Customize item. For more information, refer to the Infrastructure User's Guide.Entering the Workbench http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs00. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Defining the Sheet Metal Parameters This task shows you how to configure the sheet metal parameters. 1. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog b ox is displayed. 2. Enter 1mm in the Thickness field. 3. Enter 5mm in the Bend Radius field. 4. Select the Bend Extremities tab. 5. Select Tangent in the Bend Extremities combo list. An alternative is to select the bend type in the graphical combo list. Click OK to validate the parameters and close the dialog box.The Sheet Metal Parameters feature is added in the specification tree. 6. Defining the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs02. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] The other two tabs are not used in this scenario. Defining the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs02. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Creating the First Wall This task shows how to create the first wall of the Sheet Metal Part. 1. Click the Sketcher icon then select the xy plane. 2. Select the Profile icon . 3. Sketch the contour as shown below: Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world.The sketch remains selected. 4. Click the Wall icon . The Wall Definition dialog box opens. 5. Creating the First Wall http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs03. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] By default, the Material Side is set to the top. Click OK. The Wall. 1 feature is added in the specification tree 6. The first wall of the Sheet Metal Part is known as the Reference wall. Creating the First Wall http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs03. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Creating the Side Walls This task shows you how to add other walls to the Sheet Metal part. Click the Wall on Edge icon .The Wall On Edge Definition dialog box opens. 1. 2. Select the left edge. Enter 50mm in the Value field. The application previews the wall. 3. By default, the material side is such that it ensures a continuity with the reference profile. If needed, invert it using the Reverse side button, or clicking the arrow. 4. Click the Reverse Position button to Invert the sketch profile. Click OK. The wal l is created and the Wall On Edge. 1 feature is displayed in the specification tree: 5. Creating the Side Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] 6. Select the right edge.Click the Wall on Edge icon again. The Wall On Edge Definition dialog box opens with the parameters previously selected. 7. 8. Invert the sketch profile and click OK to validate. Click the Wall on Edge icon again. 9. Select the front edge. The Wall Definition dialog box opens with the parameters previously selected. 10. Enter 30mm in the Value field and 10mm in the Limit1 and Limit2 fields, then invert the sketch profile. 11. 12. Press OK to validate. Creating the Side Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] The final part looks like this: Creating the Side Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Creating a Cutout In this task, yo u will learn how to: open a sketch on an existing face define a contour in order to create a cutout. Select Wall On Edge. 2 from the geometry area to define the working plane. 1. 2. Click the Sketcher icon . 3. Click the Elongated Hole icon to create the contour. To access the oblong profile, click the black triangle on the Rectangle icon. It displays a secondary toolbar. Click to create the first point and drag the cursor. 4. Click to create the second point. The first semi-axis of the rofile is created. 5. Drag the cursor and click to create the third point. The second semi-axis is created and the oblong profile is displayed. 6. 7. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Creating a Cutout http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs05. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] 8. Select the Cutout icon . The Pocket Definition dialog box is displayed and a cutout is previewed with default parameters. 9. Set the Type to Up to last option to define the limit o f your cutout. This means that the application will limit the cutout onto the last possible face, that is the opposite wall. 0. Click OK. This is your cutout: Creating a Cutout http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs05. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Creating the Bends Automatically This task shows how to create the bends automatically. Click the Automatic Bends icon . The bends are created. 1. CATIA displays the bends creation in the specification tree: Automatic Bends. 1 The Sheet Metal part looks like this: Creating Automatic Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs06. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Unfolding the Sheet Metal Part This task shows how to unfold the part. 1.Click the Unfold icon . The part is unfolded according to the reference wall plane, as shown below. Note that the bend limits are displayed in the unfolded view. To refold the part, click the Unfold icon again. Unfolding the Part http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs07. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Extracting Drawings from the Sheet Metal Part This task shows how to create the Sheet Metal Part views in the Generative Drafting workbench. The Sheet Metal part is displayed. 1. Click or select File -; New†¦ 2. Select the Drawing type and click OK. The Generative Drafting workbench is launched.The New Drawing dialog box opens. 3. Click OK. For more information about this workbench, refer to Generative Drafting User's Guide. 4. The drawing sheet appears. 5. Tile the windows horizontally using the Window -> Tile Horizontally menu item. 6. Select the Unfolded View icon in the Projections toolbar from Generative Drafting Workbench. This icon is added to the Projections toolbar provided the Sheet Metal workbench is present. Choose the xy plane in the Sheet Metal specification tree. The unfolded view is displayed with the bends axes and limits. 7. Eventually, the Drafting sheet looks like this:Extracting Drawings http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/ SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs08. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Extracting Drawings http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs08. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Basic Tasks The Basic Tasks section explains how to create and modify various kinds of features. Managing the Default Parameters Creating Walls Extruding Isolating Walls Creating Rolled Walls Creating Bends Creating Swept Walls Unfolding Creating a Cutout Stamping Patterning Corner Relief Creating Corners Creating Chamfers Mapping Elements Saving As DXF Reference Elements Basic Tasks ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0000. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Managing the Default Parameters This section explains and illustrates how to use or modify various kinds of features. The table below lists the information you will find. Using Sheet Metal Design assumes that you are in a CATPart document. Edit the parameters: select the Parameters tab et the wall thickness and bend radius values . Modify the bend extremities : select the Bend Extremities tab and choose a predefined bend type. Define the bend corner relief: select the Bend Corner Relief tab and choose a predefined corner relief type.Define the bend allowance: select the Bend Allowance tab and define the allowance value (K factor). Managing the Default Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0100. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Editing the Sheet and Tool Parameters This section explains how to change the different sheet metal parameters. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. 2. Change the Thickness if needed. 3. Change the Bend Radius if needed. Convention dictates that the inner angle between the two walls is used to define the bend. It can vary from 0 ° to 180 ° exclusive.This angle is constant and the bend axis is rectilinear. Press the Sheet Standards Files†¦ button to access to the company defined standards, if need be. For more information, refer to the Customizing section. 4. 5. Click OK to validate the Sheet Metal Parameters. When the Check all bend radius button is checked, and you click OK in the Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box, a list is displayed with all the bends the part that do not use the standard Bend Radius value as defined in step 3. Editing the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0101. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Modifying the Bend ExtremitiesThis section explains how to change the bend extremities. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. 1. The second tab concerns the bend extremities. A combo box displays the six possible axial relimitations for the straight bend: These options can also be accessed through the pop-up button: Bend Extremities http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0103. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Maximum: the bend is calculated between the furthest o pposite edges of the supporting walls. Bend Extremities http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0103. tm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Minimum with no relief: the bend corresponds to the common area of the supporting walls along the bend axis. Square relief: a square relief is added to the bend extremity. The L1 and L2 parameters can be modified if need be. Round relief: a round relief is added to the bend extremity. The L1 and L2 parameters can be modified if need be. Linear: the unfolded bend is split by two planes going through the corresponding limit points (obtained by projection of the bend axis onto the edges of the supporting walls). >Tangent: the edges of the bend are tangent to the edges of the supporting walls.Bend Corner Relief This section explains how to change the bend corner relief. Open the CornerRelief01. CAPTPart model from the samples directory. Within the Tools -> Options -> General -> Parameters -> Knowledge tab, check the Load Extended Langu age Libraries option. See Customizing Knowledgeware Applications. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. The third tab concerns the bend corner relief. By default, no corner relief is created when a bend is created. Check the Automatic corner relief creation option to activate this creation every time a bend is created.Three corner relief types are available. Select the icon corresponding to the requested type: : square: the square corner relief is created using the bend limits. Its dimensions are defined by the width of the unfolded bends. : circular: its center is located at the intersection of the bend axes. For that option, a radius is proposed by default. It is equal to the bend radius + the thickness. To change it: Selecting Formula -> Deactivate from the contextual menu of the input field and enter a new value, clicking on the button and entering a new formula. Bend Corner Relief http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0104. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] : triangular: the triangular relief is created from the intersection point of the inner bend limits towards the intersection points of the outer bend limits with each wall. The corner relief is not previewed during its creation. The corner relief is taken into account in the unfolded view. For better result, you should select the Maximum Bend Extremities option when creating corner relief. These parameters are applied to each corner relief created or to be created, except to those with that have been redefined, or the locally defined corner relieves.Bend Corner Relief http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0104. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Defining the Bend Allowance This section explains the calculations related to folding/unfolding operations. Click the Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. The fourth tab concerns the bend allowance. When a bend is unfolded, the sh eet metal deformation is represented by the bend allowance V, defined by the formula: L = A + B + V where: L is the total unfolded length A and B the dimensioning lengths as defined on the figures below: bend < 90 ° bend > 90 °Bend Allowance http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0102. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Another way to compute the sheet metal deformation is the neutral fiber definition (K Factor): W = a * (R + k * T) where: W is the flat bend width R the inner bend radius T the sheet metal thickness a the inner bend angle in radians. If b is the opening bend angle in degrees: a = p * (180 – b) / 180 Physically, the neutral fiber represents the limit between the material compressed area inside the bend and the extended area outside the bend. Ideally, it is represented by an arc located inside the thickness and entered on the bend axis. Therefore the K Factor always has a value between 0 and 0. 5. When you define the sheet metal parameters , a literal feature defines the default K Factor, according to the DIN standard: K = (0. 65 + log(R / T) / 2) / 2 This formula can be deactivated or modified using Knowledge Advisor workbench. When a bend is created, the bend K Factor and the bend allowance literals are created. Two cases may then occur: If the Sheet Metal K Factor has an activated formula and uses the default bend radius as input parameter, the same formula is activated on the bend K Factor with the bend radius as input.Else the bend K Factor is a formula equal to the Sheet Metal K Factor. The bend allowance literal is equal to a formula representing the use of the bend K Factor. This formula is fairly complex and it is strongly recommended not to delete it. V = a * (R + k * T) – 2 * (R + T) * tan ( min(p/2,a) / 2) Though it is possible to deactivate the formula to enter a fixed value. Finally, the bend flat width is computed from the bend allowance value. The bend allowance can be locally redefined when cre ating bends from walls, generating bends automatically, Bend Allowance http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0102. tm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls This section explains and illustrates different methods to create walls. Create walls from an existing Part: click the icon, and select a face of a wall Create a wall from a sketch: use the sketcher to define the profile, and set the material side. Create a wall tangent to another one: select a profile coincident with an existing wall, and select the wall to which it should be tangent Create a wall from an edge: select a wall edge, set the height, limits, angle, then the sketch and material sides Creating walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0800. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls From an Existing Part This task illustrates how to create a Sheet Metal part using an existing Part, that is recognizing the thin part shapes of the Part as created using the Part Design workb ench or from a CATIA Version 4 Solid for example. Open the WallScenario1. CATPart document from the samples directory. The document contains a Part created in the Part Design workbench and it looks like this: 1. Click the Walls Recognition icon 2. Click any face to be the reference wall. The Walls Recognition Definition dialog box is displayed. 3.Choose the Wall creation mode: Part body recognition: the whole solid is processed and walls are created wherever possible Only selected faces: only explicitly selected faces of the solid are processed and the corresponding walls are created. The Reference wall is indicated in the Walls Recognition Definition dialog box for information only (it is grayed out). From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Select faces as the Compulsory walls. These are faces from which the walls are to be generated when there might be an ambiguity.For example, if the initial part is a box, you will need to select two opposite inner faces and outer faces on the other two sides of the box, in order to avoid overlapping when generating the walls. 4. 5. Set the Internal profiles recognition mode: As cut out wall: generates walls with inner contours (no cutout feature is generated) One cut out by wall: regardless of how many pockets there are on a face of the solid, only one cutout feature is generated per wall One cut out by profile: for each inner contour on the sketch-based solid, a cutout feature is generated None: whether there are pockets on the solid aces, or not, no cutout feature is created in the resulting SheetMetal features. The Generate Bends check button allows the automatic creation of bends as the walls are being created, wherever applicable. 6. Click Apply. The walls are generated from the Part Design geometry. The Walls Recognition. 1 feature is added to the tree view. At the same time, the Sheet Metal parameters are created, deduced from the Part geometry. Select the icon to display the sheet metal parameters: 7. the Thickness is equal to 1mm the Bend radius is twice the thickness value the Bend Extremities field is set to Square relief.From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] You can modify a few of these parameters The Thickness parameter cannot be modified because it is based, like the bend extremities and radius, on the initial solid geometry . However you can modify these parameters (bend radius and bend extremities) to be taken into account for sheet metal features other than the â€Å"recognized† ones. The bend allowance, being used to unfold the part, and the corner relief affect all features, and therefore can be edited even for â€Å"recognized† features. . Click OK in the Sheet Metal Parameters when all parameters have been redefined where needed. The solid is now a Sheet Metal part. All the features are displayed in th e specification tree. Once the solid has been converted to a Sheet Metal part, you can create bends as with any other Sheet Metal part, or modify/add Sheet Metal features to complete the design. Uncheck the Generate Bends button, if you do not wish bends to be created automatically. From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls from a SketchThis task shows how to create a wall from a sketch. You must be in the Sheet Metal Workbench, with a . CATPart document open, and you must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. Set the sketcher grid to H = 100mm and V = 100mm, using the Tools -> Options, Mechanical Design -> Sketcher, Sketcher tab. 1. Click the Sketcher icon then select the xy plane. 2. Select the Profile icon . 3. Sketch the contour as shown below: 4. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Click the Wall icon . The Wall Definition dialog box opens. 5. By default, the M aterial Side is set to the top.From a Sketch http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Click OK. The Wall. 1 feature is added in the specification tree. 6. The first wall of the Sheet Metal Part is known as the Reference wall. Click the sketcher icon from the Wall Definition dialog box, if you wish to directly edit the selected sketch. When exiting the sketcher, you then go back to the wall creation step, without having to reactivate the Wall icon. This is also very useful if you have selected an edge from a wall and clicked the Wall icon . In this case, the sketcher is utomatically activated and the plane defined as being the selected edge's plane. You can then directly draw a sketch, then exit the sketcher and return to the wall creation step. From a Sketch http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] You can directly create a wall with a hole, by selecting a sketch with an inner contour (the contours must not intersect): Sketch with inner contour Resulting wall Note however, that the emptied area is part of the wall and is not a separate cutout that can be edited. From a Sketch ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Creating Tangent Walls This task shows how to create a wall tangent to a planar part of another wall or of a flange. This capability will then allow this tangent wall to be seen when unfolding the part, even though there is no bend linking it to its tangent support, provided this support is unfoldable too. Open the TangentWall1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select a face of an existing wall and click the Sketcher icon . Here we selected the flange's planar face. 1. 2.Select the Profile icon and sketch the contour as shown below: Using the Constraint Defined in Dialog box icon, set coincidence constraints between the edges where the support and sketch are to coinc ide. 3. 4. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Make sure the sketch is still active, then click the Wall icon . 5. The Wall Definition dialog box opens. Tangent Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Note the orientation of the wall to be created. Click inside the Tangent to field, then select the wall to hich the new wall has to be tangent. 6. Here, you need to select the planar face of the flange. Note that the orientation automatically changes to conform to the material orientation already defined on the support wall. Click OK. The wall is created and a Wall. xxx feature is added in the specification tree. 7. Tangent Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] If you want to create the wall on a wall that cannot be unfolded, the system issues a warning and prevents you from creating the tangent wall. Tangent Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCX R8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Click the Unfold icon . The tangent wall is unfolded as a wall linked by a bend to another wall, would be. 8. Creating Walls From An Edge This task shows how to create walls from edges of an existing wall. This function is used to create a box in an easy and quick way from an existing reference wall. At least one wall must already exist. Open the Wall1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Click the Wall on Edge icon and select an edge of an existing wall. 1. The Wall On EdgeDefinition dialog box is displayed together with a preview of the wall. Define the type of wall to be created by specifying the Reference, that is: 2. the Height of the wall: that is the orthogonal projection from the top of the wall on edge to the reference wall. Select the icon to define the height of the wall from the bottom of the reference wall or the icon to define the height of the wall from the top of the reference wall . the Length of the wall: that is the absolute value of the wall on edge without bend. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. tm (1 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] the limits of the wall: LIM1 and LIM2. These texts only indicate on which side a given limit is. They are not precisely on the limit spots. The actual locations of the limits are defined with the icons and an input distance that is taken into account respectively from the inner side of an existing bend, the inner side of an existing wall or the outer side of an existing wall. the angle of the wall: by default it is perpendicular to the plane containing the edge. You may modify it according to your needs. it is updated dynamically on the screen. This preview gives information about: he Sketch Profile: by default, if you pick an edge on the top of the reference wall, the direction of the wall is upwards, if you pick an edge on the bottom of the reference wall the direction of the wall is do wnwards. Preview with top edge selected Preview with bottom edge selected You can invert the sketch's position, and therefore the wall's, using the Reverse Position button. Preview with bottom edge selected and sketch profile inverted From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (2 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] the material side: by default the aterial side is proposed so as to keep a continuity with the reference profile. However, you can change it by clicking the red arrow or the Reverse Side button. Check the Clearance option to offset the wall on edge from the selected edge. 3. The entered value is the radius of the bend on this edge. Wall on edge with clearance Wall on edge without clearance Note that the reference wall remains unchanged when changing the bend radius value. It is the Wall on Edge's length that is affected. You can also choose to create the wall with or without a bend by checking the With Bend option. 4.If there is no wall from which a limit can be computed, the reference element is the edge of the reference wall. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (3 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] A wall on edge is defined by the selected edge (reference edge). When the reference edge is modified, by adding any feature that shortens the edge (a bend to an adjacent wall on edge or a cutout for example) the wall on edge based on this reference edge is recomputed. To avoid this you may: create the bend manually on the wall modifying the edge used as the reference to create the other wall eorder the creation of walls to postpone the creation of the modifying feature Both limits are computed with the same reference icon. The bend is not previewed, even if the option With Bend is checked. However it will be created. The selected options are modal and will be proposed to create the next wall. Walls on edge being contextual features, if you break the profiles continuity by inverting the material side of a wall, you may have to manually re-specify all features based upon the modified one, even if they are not directly connected to the modified wall, in order to update the part afterwards.This is the case when creating a wall on edge from another wall on edge, for example: From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (4 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] If you invert the material side of the reference wall on which the first wall on edge has been created, both walls on edge are relocated (as if you were flipping the geometry): If you invert the material side of the first wall on edge (and not the material side of the reference wall), the second wall on edge is relocated. Indeed, its specification being relative to the first wall on edge, when its input data (i. e. he edge selected on the first wall on edge) is modified, the second wall on edge is rebuilt at a new location. 5. Click OK in the Wall On Edge Definition dialog box. A WallOnEd ge. x element is created in the specification tree. A WallOnEdge. x element can be edited: double-click it in the graphic area or in the specification tree to display its creation dialog box and modify the parameters described above, including the edge from which it is created. However, the sketch of a wall on edge cannot be edited directly. Would you need to edit the sketch of a wall on edge, you have to isolate it first. See Isolating Walls.You can cut or copy and paste a wall on edge. If you cut and paste a wall on edge with children elements, these children elements are lost. This may result in update errors. You cannot undo an Isolate action after having modified the wall. Isolating a wall on edge erases all updating data. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (5 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Extruding This task explains how to create a wall by extrusion. You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. A model is available in the Extru de1. CATPart from the samples directory. 1. Click the Extrusion icon . 2.Select a sketch. The Extrusion Definition dialog box is displayed. Several types of extrusion are available: Dimension : the requested input data are a sketch and a dimension, Up to plane or Up to surface: a plane or a surface are input as limit to the extrusion. These functions are used to create walls that are not rectangular. 3. Edit the Length1 and Length2 to set both extremities, for option Dimension. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] 4. Define the options as needed: Check the option Mirrored extent to extent the material on both sides of the sketch.In that case, only Length1 can be edited. This option is only available if the type is set to Dimension. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Push Invert Material Side to invert the direction of the creation of the m aterial. 5. Click OK. The walls corresponding to the selected sketch are created according to the specified options, and added to the specification tree. When the extrusion is the first Sheet Metal feature of the Part, the reference wall is the first wall created based on the first segment of the sketch.For option Up to Surface, while the wall end that is limited by the surface has the shape of the surface, its thickness does not fit the surface. It is a â€Å"rectangular† polygon defined by the first edge that comes into contact with the surface. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Check Symmetrical thickness to create thickness inside and outside the sketch. Such an extrusion can also be performed on a sketch made of lines and arcs of circle, provided there are no tangency discontinuities between the different elements. However, in this ase, the Up to plane or Up to surface capabilities are not availab le, and you cannot isolate such an extrusion. Extrusion walls can be edited and/or isolated. The sketch may not be closed. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Isolating Walls This task explains how to isolate a wall. This is possible in two cases: 1. after having created walls by extrusion (see Extruding) 2. after having created a wall on edge (see Creating Walls from an Edge). You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. A model is available in the Extrude2. CATPart from the samples directory.Isolating Extruded Walls Right-click the Extrusion. 1 feature and choose the Extrusion. 1 object -; Isolate contextual menu item. 1. The Extrusion Isolate dialog box is displayed. Select one of the wall of the extrusion to be isolated. 2. The selected wall is highlighted in the geometry. This wall is the reference wall, meaning that it can be modified and the other walls will take the modification into account. On th e other hand if the other walls are modified the reference wall is an anchoring wall, and modifications will be made around it. The Extrusion Isolate dialog box is updated. 3. Click OK in the dialog box.The walls of the extrusion have been isolated, each with its own sketch. Yet coincidence constraints are automatically generated between the isolated walls. Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] The extrusion's initial sketch is retained (Sketch. 1 in the example above). Double-click the sketch of the reference wall (here Sketch. 3) and modify it by increasing its length. 4. Exit the Sketcher using the Exit icon . 5. The Part is updated. You can note that the wall that was adjacent to the pad, now lies on it, as it is the reference wall that was modified.Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] However, had you modified the sketch of t he wall lying on the pad (Sketch. 4), moving it further away from Wall. 2 as shown here to the right, the updated pad would not take the gap between the walls into account. The resulting part looks like this (Wall. 3 has been modified but still coincides with Wall. 2): Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] You can then edit its sketch if needed. In the present case, the wall on edge had been created with a end. Therefore when isolating this wall from the reference wall, the bend is created as a separate feature that can be edited as well. The angle value between the two walls is displayed for edition. You cannot undo an Isolate action after having modified the wall. Isolating a wall on edge erases all updating data. Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Isolating Walls on Edge Right-click the wall on edge and choose the Wall On Edg e contextual menu item. 1. The wall on edge is then changed to a standard wall, as you can see from the specification tree.Creating Rolled Walls This task shows how to create rolled walls (such as pipes, open pipes with flange, etc. ). You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters, and have a sketch available, in the form of an circular arc. The part is available in the Rolledwall1. CATPart from the samples directory. 1. Click the Extrusion icon . 2. Select the circular sketch. 3. Make sure the type is set to Dimension. Length 1 and Length 2 indicate the location of Limit 1 and Limit 2. 4. 5. Define the options as needed (the length being down to -50 mm): Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Check the option Mirrored extent to extend the material on both sides of the sketch. In that case, only Length1 can be edited. Check Symmetrical thickness to create thickness inside and outside the sketch. Push Invert Material Side to invert the direction of the creation of the material. Click OK in the dialog box to create the rolled wall: 6. Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] The rolled wall is a particular extrusion: he input sketch is either a circular arc or a closed circle, the creation type is always Dimension. The sketch may be open. In that case, you can define where the opening should be. The sketch may be closed. In that case, you have no control on the opening location. The only operations you can combine with a rolled wall in a Sheet Metal model are flanges and cutouts. No other elements (standard wall, bend,†¦ ) are allowed. Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Creating Bends on WallsThis section explains and illustrates different methods to create bends on walls. Bends can only be created between walls , whether manually or automatically, and not between any other Sheet Metal features, such as stamps for example. Create bends from wall: select the two walls, set the bend radius value, the bend extremities, and specify the use of corner relief Generate bends automatically: select the part, then a reference wall Create conical bends: select the part, and choose a reference wall Create flat bends: select a sketch, set the creation mode and limiting option, set the radius and angle in relation to the selected sketch.Creating Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0210. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Manually Creating Bends from Walls This task explains two ways to create bends between walls in the Sheet Metal part. These bends can be created on non-connex walls, and with a constant radius value. Open the BendExtremities01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Bend icon . The Bend Definition dialog box opens. Note that the Radius field is in gr ay because it is driven by a formula: at that time, you cannot modify the value. Select Wall. 2 and Wall. 5 in the specification tree.The Bend Definition dialog box is updated. 2. Right-click the Radius field: the contextual menu appears. 3. Deactivate the formula: you can now change the value. 4. Enter 4mm for the Radius and click Preview. 5. The bend is previewed, along with its orientation symbolized by arrows. The Left and Right texts further indicate this orientation and are useful to define different bend extremities. Manually Creating Bends from Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] 6. Click the More button to display further options: You can define: he left and right extremity settings (see also extremities definition settings) the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Within the Left Extremity tab, choose the Mini with round relief bend extremity type, deactivate the L1 and L2 le ngth formulas, and set them to 6mm and 3mm respectively. 7. Click the Right Extremity tab, and choose the Curved shape type. 8. Click Preview to visualize the left and right extremities. 9. Click OK in the Bend Definition dialog box. 10. The Bend is created with the specified extremity types. Manually Creating Bends from Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] The extremities and the corner relief defined with the current dialog box will apply locally and prevail over any other global definition. Be careful when creating bends with square or round relief. Depending on the geometry configuration, this can lead to removing more matter than you would expect. Indeed, a corner relief being computed on the whole intersection of the elements involved (bends or bend/wall), in the following configuration the matter is removed till the end of the wall.Bend with no relief Bend with square relief In this case, it is best to replace the bend corner relieves with cutouts (identified in red in the figure below) that will act as corner relieves removing matter to the part. Manually Creating Bends from Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Generating Bends Automatically This task explains how to automatically generate bends between walls in the Sheet Metal part. You can first create all the bends, then modify the parameters for any of the generated bends.However, when an ambiguity arises, that is when more than two bends end on the same vertex, the bends are not automatically generated. You then need to create them manually, so as to explicitly select the walls between which the bends are to be created. Open the BendExtremities01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Automatic Bends icon . The bends are created. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/200 1 5:13:27 PM] Double-click the bend of interest: Bend. 4 The Bend Definition dialog box opens. 2. Right-click the Radius field: the contextual enu appears. 3. Deactivate the formula: you can now change the value. 4. Enter 4mm for the Radius and click Preview. 5. Bend. 4 is modified. 6. Click the More button to display further options: You can re-define: the left and right extremity settings (see also extremities definition settings) the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Within the Left Extremity tab, choose the Mini with round relief bend extremity type, deactivate the L1 and L2 length formulas, and set them o 6mm and 3mm respectively. 7. Click the Right Extremity tab, and choose the Curved shape type. 8. 9. Click OK in the Bend Definition dialog box. The bend is modified with the specified options The extremities and the corner relief defined with the current dialog box will apply locally and prevail over any other global definition. Push the more button to display; the extremities definition settings and the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Creating Conical BendsThis task explains how to generate conical bends between two walls in the Sheet Metal part. These bends are different from the standard bend in that they allow different radius values at each end of the bend. Open the ConicalBend1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Conic Bend icon . The Conic Bend Definition dialog box opens. 1. Select Wall. 1 and Wall. 2 in the specification tree or in the geometry. The Bend Definition dialog box is updated, and arrows are displayed indicating the walls orientation. 2. You can click on the arrow to invert them if needed. Th e LIM1 and LIM2 texts indicate the endpoints for the bend.Enter the radius values for each end of the conical bend. If the difference between the specified radius values does not allow the generation of a cone with an angle greater than 1 degree, a warning is issued prompting you to increase one of the radii. Click OK in the Warning dialog box, and increase/decrease the radius values. 3. Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] By default, Radius 2 is twice Radius 1. 4. Click More†¦ to display further options. 5. Choose the bend extremities: Mini with no relief: the shortest possible bend is created, and presents no reliefCurve shaped: the bend is created keeping the tangency continuity with the support walls. Maximum: the bend is calculated between the furthest opposite edges of the supporting walls. 6. Click OK. The Bend is created. The two walls must be connected by the edge of their internal faces. The Angle field is locked. It indicates the angle value between the two walls between which the bend is computed. Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Should you choose the Curve shaped extremity option, the bend would look like this:Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Creating Bends From a Line This task explains how to generate bends based on a line (also called flat bends) in the Sheet Metal part. A wall and a bend are created. Open the FlatBend1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the reference wall then the Bend From Flat icon . 1. The Bend From Flat Definition dialog box opens. Select a sketch (Sketch. 3 here). This sketch must necessarily be a line. 2. 3. You can choose the line extrapolation option: he line is extrapolated up to the wall edge (Bend From Flat Until) the line is not extrapolated, and the bend is l imited to the line's length (Bend From Flat Length) Set the bend radius value. You may need to deactivate the formula using the Formula -; Deactivate contextual menu on the Radius field. 4. 5. Set the angle value between the generated wall and the reference wall. 6. Click OK to create the bend. Bends From Line http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0205. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] When creating such a bend on a reference wall (first wall), an arrow indicates which part is to be folded.Click this arrow to invert the side that will be bent. Such bends cannot be created, if the section to be folded already intersects the part. Bends from line should be performed on end walls, or prior to creating further walls on the bent one. Perform the bend before creating the stamping features, as stamps are not retained when the part is folded with the bend. Bends From Line http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0205. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating Swept Walls This section explains and illustrates how to create and use various kinds of swept walls, i. e. alls based on a given contour that is swept along a spine. Create a flange: select a spine, and set the radius, length, and angle values. Create a hem: select a spine, and set the radius, and length values. Create a tear drop: select a spine, and set the radius, and length values. Create a swept flange: select a spine, and a user-defined profile Redefine swept walls limits: choose the Relimited type, and select a point lying on the spine or a plane normal to the spine and intersecting it as limits Display swept walls axes in drafting sheets: open a CATDrawing document, click the Unfolded View icon, and select a planeSelecting the Spine Whatever the type of the swept wall you wish to create, you first need to select one or more contiguous edges to make up the spine along which the contour, either pre- or user-defined, is to be swept. You can: manually select one, or m ore, edge(s) Selection without propagation Resulting flange without propagation select one edge and click the Tangency Propagation button: all contiguous and tangent edges are selected. In this case, would you need to remove one edge, you need to manually select it. Remember that only extremity edges can be removed without breaking the continuity between edges.Creating Swept Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0600. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Selection with propagation Resulting flange with propagation Creating Swept Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0600. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating a Flange This task explains how to generate a flange from a spine and a profile. Open the SweptWall01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Flange icon . The Flange Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edge as shown in red. Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheug bt0601. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Enter 2mm in the Radius field, 10mm in the Length field and 120 ° for the Angle. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4. In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the flange. Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0601. tm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the flange limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0601. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating a Hem This task explains how to generate a hem from a spine and a profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall02.CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Hem icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 1. The Hem Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edges as shown in red. Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Enter 2mm in the Radius field, and 3mm in the Length field. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4.In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the hem. Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish /sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the hem limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Creating a Tear DropThis task explains how to generate a tear drop from a spine and a profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall03. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Tear Drop icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 1. The Tear Drop Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edge as shown in red. Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Enter 3mm in the Radius field, and 8mm in the Length field. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to ocally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4. In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the tear drop. Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine).You can redefine the tear drop limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Creating a Swept Flange This task explains how to generate a swept flange from a spine and a user-defined profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall04. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Using the Sketcher , define a profile in the yz plane as shown below: Then quit the Sketcher, using the Exit iconSelect the Swept Flange icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 2. The User Defined Flange Definition dialog box opens. 3. Select the edge and the profile, as shown in red. Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The dialog box looks like this: Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4.In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click O K to create the swept flange. Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added in the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the tear drop limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. tm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Redefining Swept Wall Limits This task explains how to redefine the spine's limits when creating any type of swept walls, using existing geometric elements: points lying on the spine or intersecting planes.. Open the SweptWall01. CATPart document. 1. Select the Flange icon . The Flange Definition dialog box opens. Using the combo list, choose the Relimited type. 2. The Flange Definition dialog box is updated and now displays two Limit fi elds. Select the spine. Here we select a single edge. See also Selecting the Spine. 3. Redefining Swept Walls Limits http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0606. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Successively select the two limiting elements. Here we select a point lying on the spine as the first selecting element, and a plane intersecting the spine as the second limiting element. 4. Make sure intersecting elements are normal to the spine, and they intersect it only once. Specify the swept wall values. In the example of the flange you set the Radius, Length and Angle values. You may also click More >> to display further options. See Creating a Flange. 5. 6. Click OK. The swept wall is created within the limits on the spine. Redefining Swept Walls Limits ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0606. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Displaying Swept Wall Axes This task explains how to generate an unfolded view of a part with swept wall in a drawin g sheet including the axes of planar hems, tear drops, and flanges are displayed within the drawing. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall05. CATPart document from the samples directory. Make sure that the Generate axis button is checked in the Tools -> Options -> Mechanical Design -> Drafting -> Generation tab, prior to generating a view in a .CATDrawing document. 1. Click or select File -> New†¦ 2. Select the Drawing type and click OK. 3. Click OK. For more information about this workbench, refer to Generative Drafting User's Guide. Displaying Swept Walls Axes http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0605. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] 4. The drawing sheet appears. Tile the windows horizontally using the Window -; Tile Horizontally menu item. 5. Select the Unfolded View icon in the Projections toolbar from Generative Drafting Workbench. 6. This icon is added to the Projections toolbar provided the Sheet Metal workbench is present.Choose the xy plane in the Sheet Metal specification tree. The unfolded view is displayed with the planar swept wall axes. 7. Displaying Swept Walls Axes http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0605. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Unfolding Unfolded Sheet Metal parts can be displayed in two ways: Folded/Unfolded View Access Concurrent Access Each Sheet Metal feature is created in a given view: folded, or unfolded. Editing a feature must be done in its definition view. If not, a message is automatically issued, prompting you to change views, before editing the feature. Unfolding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt1200. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Folded/Unfolded View Access This task shows how to unfold the part. 1. Click the Unfold icon . The part is unfolded according to the reference wall plane, as shown below. 2. Click this icon again to refold the part for the next task. Bend limits and stamping are n ow displayed in the unfolded view. When designing in context, If a CATProduct document contains several SheetMetal parts, only one part can be visualized in the unfolded view at a time. Folded/Unfolded View Access http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1201. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Concurrent AccessThis task explains how to display the Sheet Metal part in two windows: one with the folded view, one with the unfolded view. Any modification in one window is displayed in the other window. 1. Click the Multi-view icon . The part is unfolded in a second window. 2. Choose the Window -; Tile Horizontally menu item. Both windows are tiled. Activate the window in which you want to work. Concurrent Access http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1202. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Any modification in one view is taken into account in the other view enabling the user to make modifications in the best possible context.In the multi-view mode as in the st andard unfolded view, all constraints are displayed in the geometrical views. Once in the Multi-view mode, the standard icon Unfold is not longer available. The Multi-view function is not available from a standard unfolded view. Only parts with bends can be unfolded. Cutting faces and open faces are not displayed in Multi-view mode. Concurrent Access