Evidence-Based Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evidence-Based Management - Essay ExampleA jiffy approach can be applying practices tested and proven by counsel specialists. A practitioner can use competencies to inspire employees. Inspiration can be in the form of motivating high military operation or encouraging execution of strategy. Setbacks be an inevitable aspect of the work environment in feign to applying evidence-based management hence, a manager can employ theories such as teamwork to instill resilience in the employees (Roussel, 2011).Students need to be practical in order to apply evidence-based management. Not all factual evidences are efficient and practical. Practitioners need to remember that there is a lot of subjectivity in management. For instance, the level of bringing up of a work force may differ. This requires the managing practitioner to choose tactics very carefully so as to be compatible with the persons they are governing. Both practitioners and students need to invest in patience. Scientific meth ods by nature are procedural and taking shortcuts will only taint the results the manager aims to achieve (Dunn, 2008). castrate is a driving force for most innovations and successes. In this light, changes in the world management trends are momentous contributing factors for the adoption of evidence based management. For instance, the need to keep the interests of employees separate from those of the patients is vital to the successful get of services. Evidence management has succeeded in this field tremendously. This can be seen by comparing the rate of employee dissatisfaction at the beginning of the industrial revolution and those in the XXI century (Shillabeer, 2011).The greatest restraint on evidence-based management is the speed at which managers and institutions want to achieve their goals. Evidence-based management is efficient but procedural. Most managers run institutional affairs by use of intuition. They like taking risks even when it comes to making decisions that af fect

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay workoutOrganization development (OD) strategies aim to improve boldnessal ability to diagnose and assess its effectiveness to contribute appropriate remedy or interventions to problems and issues (Tichy, Hornstein, & Nisberg, 1977). These utilized open systems which optimized a transparent explication of the inputs, throughputs, and outputs of the organizations feedback loop. This is hoped to touch off organizational members to participate in transmute processes (Burke, Coruzzi, & Church in Kraut, 1996 French & Bell, 1995 Harrison, 1987). Organizational development voluminous some models (Howard and Associates, 1994) that could facilitate the enhancement of deepening the understanding of organizational organization of categorizing organizational data render these data to generate meanings and to develop common organizational language. It can also identify vital variables of the organization and depict its relations an d impacts. This is an empirical method of evaluation. It also uses comprehensive kind of analyses. The latter cover 1. press Field Analysis (1951)- This is developed by Kurt Lewin developed this model of analysis. It is perceived as relatively simple-minded and can be creatively visualized because it can depict the effort and retraining forces of an organization (Leadership Sphere, 2012). These driving forces encompass environmental factors and change management while the restraining forces may include limited resources and demotivated human resources that could shut off organizational sustainability and development (Leadership Sphere, 2012). When these hindering and driving forces are identified, the organization can proceed to formulate recommendations to elaborate the problems and regain organizational balance. This model aims to bring about the state of equilibrium of driving forces to eliminate the restraining factors (Leadership Sphere, 2012). 2. Leavitts Model (1965) Th is refers to authority systems, communication systems, and work flow within the organization. This includes the use of technology (or machinery), tasks, and subtasks that are graft in organizations product and services (Leadership Sphere, 2012). This will also include the human resources designated to run roles and tasks to attain organizational goals (Leadership Sphere, 2012). These variables are dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent. Any changes in each of the variable will impact to the some other variables in a chained effect. Sometimes, the change in variables may produce compensatory or retaliatory change in the other variables. However, this model does not address the concerns on external environment that may restore the variables of the organization (Leadership Sphere, 2012). 3. Likert System Analysis (1967) This fundamentally addresses the concern on organizational motivation, communication, interaction, decision-making, goal-setting, control, and performance (Like rt, 1967). While on that point is no illustration to depict this is as an analytical tool but this can be turn to by enhancing or using recommended systems of organizational management. This encourage democratization of decision-makings, participation, consultation, exercise of benevolent leaders and transformational leadership (Leadership Sphere, 2012). The framework originally has no standard scale strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. It employ to have a customized scale labels for each question raised

The Role of the Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Role of the Government - Essay ExampleIn 2010, the US government has made affordable care Act. In this plan, the government has made comprehensive reforms for health care which will be implemented for four years. Some of these reforms include 50% discount for the sr. citizens on buying the medicine, the age of young adults is increased to 26 years, and they are eligible for their parents medical plan up to this age. Around 4 million businesses that are small in scale, revenue credit is eligible for them so that they can provide medical benefits for their employees (Healthcare, 2012). The US government, healthcare providers, and the employers should work unverbalized to make sure that the health care is accessible to every person. Incentive should be given to the providers so that health services are expanded (Pomerance, 2011).Pomerance, D. (2011). Access to Healthcare The Right of the People. Retrieved January 4, 2012, from www.healthmgttech.com

Implication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Implication - Essay ExampleWe then proceed to the f test.In this instance, we are terming two hypotheses. The null hypothesis is that the other brand will be referred to LIDL breakfast pillage and Kellogg breakfast bread. We test this null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis. In this instance the alternative hypothesis is that disregarding of the addition of a new brand of breakfast bread into the market, many consumers stay loyal and pick out to purchase LIDL and Kellogg breakfast breads. The scenario can be presented as followsThe computed F value is 5.004. This f value is compared to the tabulated f value at 3 and 156 degrees of freedom that are the regression and residual sums of squares. Indeed, the computed f value is greater than the tabulated f value at the r=0.05 level of deduction. This means that at the r=0.05 level of significance we extinguish the null hypothesis and conclude that irrespective of new additions to the market, LIDL and Kellogg bread remain mo st popular. This is substantiate by the t-test that concludes that Kellogg and LIDL breakfast breads are good value for money and that they are reasonably priced.The two hypotheses universe tested are that a new bread of the same quality as Kellogg and LIDL would not be preferred to an alternative a new bread with the same features as LIDL and Kellogg would be preferred. This can be presented as followsAt the r=0.05 level of significance, f tabulated is greater than f computed hence we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that LIDL and Kellogg breakfast bread perform consistently irrespective of new additions to the

Sports in the 1940s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports in the 1940s - Essay ExampleThis paper discusses sports in the 1940s in fancy to the life and career of one of the black athletes of that era, Joe Louis.In the 1940s, wadding was as big as former(a) sporting activities like baseball. Due to the advancement of television technology, a huge number of fans were able to mark off boxing/fights at their homes. Joe Louis was among the famous and boxing legends that started their boxing career during this decade. Just like the other players, boxing players were not over drafted including maw, Louis, and Montgomery (Lindop & Goldstein, 2010). Louis held the boxing title since the year 1937 to 1949 before he was knocked by Robinson.innate(p) in the year 1914 in Alabama, Joe Louis succeeded to become one of the heavyweight boxers in the world. Due to the scant(p) financial status of his family, Joe Louis was less educated and involved himself with old jobs to help his parents and siblings. Afterwards, Louis gained interest towards c abinet fashioning career. He temporarily attended Bronson Vocational School and during off-times, he could join violin lessons. Later on, a friend of Joe Louis suggested that he should try boxing. Joe Louis did not become an immediate success and he was defeated unendingly in his first fights due to his lightweight (Freedman, 2013). In the year 1934, Louis won the national AAUL (Amateur Athletic marrow light-heavyweight) title and terminated his amateur career astonishing fort three knockouts in fifty quartet matches.During his career, Louis defeated six subsequent or previous heavyweight champions Max Baer, Primo Carnera, James J. Braddock, Jack Sharkey, Kersey Joe Walcott, and Max Schmeling. Louis who was nicknamed Brown Bomber achieved the worlds heavyweight champion by knocking carry out Braddock in the year 1937 and held this title until the year 1949. When the United States began its war with German in the year 1941,

HOSTILITY TOWARDS EASTERN EUROPEAN (EE) IMMIGRANTS IN THE UK FROM Essay

HOSTILITY TOWARDS EASTERN EUROPEAN (EE) IMMIGRANTS IN THE UK FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES - Essay ExampleSeventy percent of the increase in these ten years is attributed to immigration. about(predicate) half of the foreigners come from eastern Europe with Romania and Bulgaria having the highest number (Autonomous Nonprofit Organization, 2013).In the year 2012, reports published by Migration Watch showed about 80,000 people have been crossing the UK borders annually in search of better physical exercise opportunities (Doyle & Chapman, 2014). This is a population which is roughly the size of the Borough of Tower of Hamlets. Immigrants continue to queue at the airports to get get to into the country. Based on these trends and numbers, it is anticipated that more people, including those without work permits, will flock the country. Riley-Smith (2013) says that majority of these individuals are attracted by the prospects of getting better pay than what they used to get in their motherl and. A foreigner working in the UK is able to get about four or five times what they were earning in their countries even at the minimum UK wage (Robila, 2013).Some stakeholders have raised the concern as people coming from Eastern Europe have lower employment rates in Britain. A clear look at the unemployment data reveals that this is an over magnified phenomenon. It is true that some foreigners find it had getting jobs in the UK (Riley-Smith, 2013). However approximately of them are those who lack work permits or are in the country illegally. According to Portes (2013), some UK leaders have called for the eventual restriction of ability of migrants moving to the country. Such stands are influenced by the mounting consternation that the increase in the number of foreigners is limiting employment opportunities for the British citizens. This is a valid stand when unrivaled looks at the employment statistics of the skilled workers coming to the UK from East Europe.Majority of the i mmigrants are young and active than the comely British

Behavioural Problems and Emotional Disturbances in School Students Essay

Behavioural Problems and Emotional Disturbances in school day Students - Essay ExampleHaving even one student with psychological and /or behavioural difficulties means that there will be a break spile in communications with all the ensuing worrys that involves. According to Pravda ( 2000) the depicted object Institute of Mental Health decl ard that they estimate that there are 12 million Ameri arse school nipperren with rational illness, and that there are approximately 4 % of American school children have either attention deficit disorder ( ADD) or ADHD - Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder. Similar statistics will prevail in other western countries. This means that on average there is one or more(prenominal) such child in every class. Kids Matter ( 2010) states that approximately half of all serious mental health condition shave their beginnings before adolescence. A child with a mental health problem can be defined as being someone with behaviour that is disturbing to themselves or to others and which affects their cleverness to function socially. In document 3 The American National Survey of Children and adolescents ( page 3 1997-2010) breaks down difficulties experienced into four groups. Some of these may seem to be purely physical difficulties , but these can present or add to mental health issues if they cause stress to the children concerned. - (1) Neurological, as when a child is perhaps especially clumsy, ( dyspraxia) or has a mild degree of spasticity which affects his ability do such things as write clearly or who is frequently dropping things. These children find difficulties using both large and littler muscles and could exclude themselves from play as it is just too difficult to catch balls etc. Teachers who are certain of their particular difficulties will be sympathetic to their subscribe tos and wont for instance attempt to rage them to undertake athletic tasks which are beyond their physical difficulties and will encou rage them in what they can do. unsubdivided things can help such as using special pens , or just winding immortalise round a normal one to give them something larger to grip can help. Occupational therapists may be able to give positive advice and support. (2) Cognitive, as when a child is operating at an bright level below what might be expected for his chronological age. It is necessary to discover whether there is a particular problem which can be helped. Can the child hear and see clearly perhaps? Regular medical checks for all school children should pick up on such conditions. (3) Language, perhaps a refusal to engage with others. This could be due to depression, anxiety or autism among other possible reasons, including physical ones such as tongue tie or deafness. It can prove very difficult to teach children if they cannot engage and communicate. Teachers need to come up with strategies that encourage to participate, rather than just asking questions of whole classes to wh ich only a property of children will respond. (4) Behaviour, e.g an inability to concentrate, or temper tantrums, swearing as in Tourettes Syndrome, or a constant seeking of attention. However individual children may have any combination of these problems, which the survey reveals are much more likely to be obvious in those in contact with social agencies. A child with autism to whatever degree for instance may have difficulties in understanding because of their difficulties in rendering

Fatal Vision Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fatal passel - Movie Review ExampleThis was a result of the inconsistencies ready in the MacDonald evidence report.a. The investigators played a crucial in patching up the sentiment of crime and collecting the much needed evidence. As they go through the dead bodies they find blue pajama thread located in the master sleeping accommodation which entirely discredits the story given by MacDonald. In the pajama top there are also unbowed pictures, while the pathologist also finds out that in Colletes hand there is a blond hair as easy as a piece of skin on her fingernail. The investigators also found out other inconsistencies such as no splinters of the club and no threads in the living room where MacDonald claimed to have fought off the intruders as all these are found in the bedroom (IMDb, par. 6). The transcript that was prepared by the investigators is able to point out most of the inconsistent statements made by Jeff.a. The investigators made a mistake during the process of t aking MacDonald to the hospital, they knock down a potted whole works which they then stand it back up. This makes them to struggle in securing the original scene of crime as well as interviewing witnesses. The investigators arrive to find that some piece of rubber glove within the crime scene has been mislaid. The investigators also make a mistake when they create an incident by taking Jeff into custody so that they can get the hair samples as in the process an investigator manhandles Dennis.b. The investigators were also not able to follow through the types of knives that had been used in the scene of crime until Freddy came into the investigations. Knowing whether Jeff owned the knives was crucial for the investigation and they failed to trace all this.The father-in-law who was a retiree spent around 9 years without giving up trying to get evidence and prove that his son-in-law, who was previously worked in the army as a Beret military Doctor, killed his two children and

Media Worldview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Worldview - Assignment ExampleIt is trust that anchors strong friendship with potential to flourish. Its a wonderful life movie provides an alternative to trust with the view that individuals can conciliate to trust everyone they meet or choose fail to uphold the value. Trust in the modern fit promotes friendship similar to that narrated to George Bailey that an individual who maintains good friends rarely fail in life. The movie encourages society members to coddle the act of civil companionship as a champion of peace and protection against misery (Crowther 1).Bailey notes that $8,000 dust the primary factor that would determine his survival. He however, recalls the good relations he had created with his friends. The thought of his friends helps rescues him and he narrowly escapes death. Similar meditations are reminiscent of the contemporary society and those who believe in change escapes wraths of destructive thoughts.George route of life is a contrast to that of Mr. P otter. While Potter is a rich mean self-centered and cater hungry individual, George is an honest man who capitalizes on humanity in spite of his poverty. Greediness of Mr. Potter isolates him and compels his cognizant to set George up with failure. Mr. Potter finds the lost $ 8,000 money that George intended to use in salvaging Bailey Bros building. When George realizes that the Money is actually in the wrong hands, he begs for mercy but Mr. Potter does not give an audience to the demands. George lastly contemplates on committing suicide but the heavenly angel rescues him.The movie portrays some important and influential characters that a society should have. Bailey acts as a savior to the world and without his presence the town would lag in sin, insanity, corruption and death. It is evident when Mr. Potter sets up clubs and bars for drinking and committing sinful acts in the absence of Bailey. George emotions and beliefs cause him disagreement and misery in the town, as he ha tes immoral

Dante Inferno (by Anthony Esolen) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dante funny farm (by Anthony Esolen) - Essay ExampleHence, it is interesting to ask the question, If Dante had written the Inferno today, who would he have placed as sinners in the different rings of hell? Who would qualify, indeed?If there was anyone who epitomized lust, it is Hugh Hefner. As the founder of Playboy Magazine, Hefner bragged that I have slept with thousands of women, and they all still like me (Hylton, What Ive Learned Hugh Hefner). Indeed, being soulfulness who was able toand at 83 years old still able toget scores of famous and sexy women to pose nude person for a magazine, to expose everything that they have kept hidden and to go to bed with him, with multiple partners at the aforesaid(prenominal) time, Hefner is someone who can be expected to appear in the second circle of hellif it is do a reality. Hefner believes that Sex is the driving force on the planet. We should embrace it, not see it as the competitor (Hylton, What Ive Learned Hugh Hefner). And he ma de people believe in this too, with Playboy being one, if not the, of the or so popular magazines that caters to mens sexual fantasies and fetishes. Not only has he lived the life of a lustful, only if he has also encouraged others to follow suit. He even admitted the fact that he masturbates when he is alone, although, he says that this rarely ever happens (Hylton, What Ive Learned Hugh Hefner). The fact that he admitted this even makes masturbation sound cool as it is coming from Hugh Hefner, who is idolized by a multitude of men. It can undeniably be said that Hefner is someone who is a slave to his desires and to carnal pleasure. Indeed, he is a carnal malefactor to the very core of his being.And thus, it is doubtlessly appropriate for him to be flogged by a violent storm, together with the rest of the lustful. The infernal hurricane that never rests Hurtles the spirits onward in its rapine Whirling them round, and smiting,

My hypothesis is How can nutrition help fight depression and boost Dissertation

My hypothesis is How fag end nutrition help fight imprint and boost mood and the corrlation bewtween them - Dissertation ExampleThe answers of above questionnaire hear the concomitant that depression is a biochemical process, most of the people suffering with depression start to escape their diet as a result the symptoms becomes severe. Most of them think that eating their favorite food or ice cream uplift their mood. Cases of depressions ar increasing in U.K and USA and some time trump medicines cant cure properly. Why is it so? Researchers at Harvard University found that person with Vitamin B privation did not respond to the anti-depressant. This Vitamin is present in green leafy vegetables, grains and beans. If the diet rich in vegetables is taken, the chances of depression reduce. Moreover the cases of depression in USA are increasing rapidly then China. Again the constituent behind this is nutrition, Chinese consume large amount of fish and fish like salmon and sardine s are considered rich source of Omega-3-fatty acids. This fatty acid is consumed by the brain to stays healthy. It is scientifically proved fact that brain uses its energy requirements from blood glucose. If the glucose level is not balanced, the person is likely to suffer with apathy, depression. Certain amino group acids are required for production of serotonin that influences mood, and adrenalin, dopamine that influence motivation. Salmon, tuna, snapper, shrimps soya bean n turkey are rich sources of tryptophan.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

strategic guidance - Essay ExampleThus, it has become imperative for airliners to re-engineer their operations to fit the requirements of strategies like small-cost and differentiation. According to the hall porters five forces model, the perseverance situation has led to a decline in the attractiveness of the fabrication for new entrants. These new entrants would come up with some sort of an edge to beat the entrenched airlines of the industry. The industry is also overseeing a period in which the bargaining power of suppliers and customers both be highschool. Customers are demanding superfluous benefits at low cost, whereas suppliers like Oil companies are seeking high prices for fuel. The dynamics of the industry are such(prenominal) that the rivalry amongst competitors is high. Since the customer base has shrink as a result of the world recession, accordingly airlines are competing to attract customers towards them by offering differentiated services. Moreover, recent in vestment by the government on the infrastructure of railways and road network has lead to a situation in which threat of substitute is high for this industry. The results of these two strategic analysis tools show that the airline industry is overseeing a period of unprecedented take aim of competition and operating environment. Therefore, each airliner needs to come up with usable excellence that allows it to run low cost operations, which has become imperative for the industry participants. How the Airlines are maintaining low cost operations Airlines, which gull pick out a low cost operational mode, have been very stringent when it comes to spending their resources. They have spread out their operations in to new regions only when they were confident that they had the resource to support this initiative. These carriers never go into a head-to-head battle with long distance carriers. Moreover, these airlines try to keep their debt position very strong by not taking too much d ebt to fund their fleet operations. These airlines have designed an operational order that allows them to be short haul, high frequency, and low fare and point-point carriers. In addition, these air carriers have identified a market niche that is a best fit to their style of operations, which enables these airlines to serve them efficiently and economically. Most importantly, these airlines have ripped away the costs associated with extravagant customer servicing. Such costs are associated with frills, lunch and ticketing material. All such costs have been taken away from the operations of these airlines. Conclusion Harsh economic conditions coupled by rising cost of fuel have made it imperative upon airlines to streamline their operations. Airlines have to come up with a cost structure that is effective and efficient. This cost structure should be incorporated in the operational design of these airlines so that the airline can generate profits from its operations. In this regards many airlines have adopted a low cost strategy under which they have taken certain actions that have been discussed above. Strategic Evaluation of the Strategic Options for Future Growth for the EAI Companies Recent economic crisis have led airliners in a messy situation. These airliners are now facing a situation in which they have revenues declining at an exponential rate. Moreover,

Problems and Prospects of Global Governance Regime in Migration Essay

Problems and Prospects of Global Governance Regime in Migration - Essay ExampleThe report tells that the usage of the term global brass section is quite complex. In modern international relations, the policy as wholesome as the academic origins of the term merged substantially. It has been noted that the definition of the term global nerve, the percentage point of governance, what it controls and how, tend not to be explicit in the increasing literature on the subject. Global governance has been created in response to the evolution of trans-boundary issues. There are numerous issues which tend to be trans-boundary to an extent since the singularity of the problem is one that goes beyond the borders and thus cannot be dealt with by a single state playing in remoteness. A few of the significant trans-boundary issues are climate alteration, transmissible diseases, international trade, terrorism and transitional crime. States have tried to create forms of institutionalised internat ional cooperation in order to address the problems. Globalisation, because of rising trans-boundary interconnectivity, has certain a growing requirement for governance that goes beyond the nation-state. The requirement for global governance is related with globalisation and the need to state cross-border spill-overs as well as externalities. However, one of the modern expressions of globalisation has been international migration. By its definition, it is considered as a trans-boundary problem which is not possible for the states to address individually. It has not been successful at creating a rational, multilateral global governance framework. (Dito, 2000). Global migration governance is based upon variety of formal as well as informal institutions which operate at numerous levels of governance. It is worthy of noticing the fact that the institutions that control states responses to human trafficking as well as smuggling are not alike the states that tend to monitor responses to skilled force back migration. In each class of migration, there is multifaceted range of regional, inter-regional, and bilateral agreements with distinct level of governance possessing greater significance with regards to certain categories of migration in comparison to others (Dito, 2000). Migration Defined Internationally According to the United Nations (UN) suggestions in the data related to international migration, an international migrant is someone who alters his or her home orbit. When a soul does this for at least one year, then such person is known as long-term migrant. On the other hand, a short-term migrant is someone who tends to alter his or her country and moves to another country for a time frame of as a minimum three months, however below a year, except in cases where the movement to that particular country is for recreation, business, visiting friends and relatives or religious pilgrimage. The characteristics of the duration measures the tip of the

Nationalism in Africa and Asia as a Mass Movement Essay

patriotism in Africa and Asia as a Mass Movement - Essay ExampleThe book, After the Tamerlane the rise and give of global empires, 1400-200 by John Darwin, is an impressive example of the macro narrative approach to the history of the populace that has been (Anderson, 2006, p170). The writer provides a well argued, nuanced yet so clear, and highly informative overview of more than half a millennium of interaction cross-continent eithery and exchange, which he relates to his main theme-the rise and fall of global empires. Starting with a well-produced refresh of the state of various Asian empires circa 1500, the writer sets out to decentre the overwhelmingly European-focused macro-narrative that has dominated thinking and writing approximately the rise and fall of expansive colonizing polities for centuries (Anderson, 2006, p183). The writer is able to sustain this shift in perspective kinda well through the early chapters, which converge in his discussion the factors leading to the great divergence, which has acquire a considerable deal of concentration on the fraction of the worlds historians in the new-made years (Anderson, 2006, p190). ... that consists of well focused and perceptive discussions of the weaknesses and failures of European colonizing enterprises and their persisting dependence on colonized peoples for all manner of imperial endeavors, from trade and war to the governance of conquered territories. Darwins attention to the weakness and vulnerability of even out empires on the increase or at the climax of their global power considerably enhances his superb discussions of what he uses as key factors that favor some empire-minded societies over others (Anderson, 2006, p178). In the course of the nineteenth century, especially in its latter half, the philological lexicographic revolution and the rise of intra-European nationalist movements, themselves the products, not only of capitalism, but of the elephantiasis of the govern states, forme d increasing culture, therefore, supporting and complex for many dynasts (Anderson, 2006, p180). The legitimacy of most of these dynasties had nothing to do with nationals. Romanov rule over the Tatars and Letts, Germans and Armenians, Russians and Finns. Habsburgs were perched high over Magyars and Croats, Slovaks and Italians, Ukrainians and Austro-Germans (Anderson, 2006, p182). Hanoverians presided over Bengalis and Quebecois, as well as Scots and Irish, English and Welsh. On the continent furthermore, members of the same dynastic families often ruled in different, sometimes rivalrous states. What nationality should be assign to Bourbons ruling in France and Spain, Hohenzollerns in Prussia and Rumania, Wittelsbachs in Bavaria and Greece?

Beauty and the self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Beauty and the egotism - Essay ExampleWith these characteristics, a woman will always be beautiful, whole, and free (Walker 255), no study what physical imperfections she may have. The beauty of a woman is multi-dimensional, combining the tradition aesthetic nonions of attractiveness and knowledgeable self-realization with a soul pursuing her most innermost desires and dream in life.Beauty is a complex word with numerous, often conflicting, definitions. When connected to inner beauty, however, it results in a process of actualizing stars identity by realizing ones value. Walker first emphasizes the outer beauty. For the word-paintinggrapher, this is the beauty of what a photo can capture and for the artist it is the beauty that can only be seen by the eyes when a picture is drawn. For the writer, just like most women, regardless of her age or ethnicity, to be beautiful is one of most important aspects of her life. After being blinded at a young age, Walker was so depressed abou t her eye, not because of her loss of vision, but because of the perceived blemish to her beauty. She was not strong nice to accept the fact that she was no longer the cutest thing in biscuit-polished paten-leather shoes and lavender socks, tossing her head in a way that makers her ribbons bounce, but instead the girl with a glob of whitish stigmatise tissue, a hideous cataract on her eye (Walker 251, 253). She did not pray for sight, she prayed for beauty (Walker 254). She became lost inside herself. She did not find her true identity at first because she thought that her identity, or the self, was defined by how she looked.The relationship between the self and beauty cannot be described without being conscious of ones weaknesses and strengths. For a long time, Walker only saw her own weaknesses and used that as a prat for defining the roots

Why Did the United States Enter World War One Essay Example for Free

Why Did the United States Enter World War whiz EssayThe industrial era had many effects, not the least of which was plunging the world into world war. nonpareil moldiness consider the relationship between eras and tied(p)ts as a student of history. The industrial era created a sensed need in the States for raw materials and markets for goods. The United States was not alone in this desire for expansion. solely the industrial nations were in open competition to develop vast empires that would provide them with the fuel to run the f diddleories of industrialism. This imperialistic competition led to focus and the creation of vast armies. The willingness to use these armies was known as militarism. In assemble to feel safe (there was a pretty fair degree of paranoia as you can imagine) nations began to sign dark treaties formingalliances and Europe was divided into an armed camp. Tension was high, the subjugation (taking over) of other nations led to feelings of nationali sm that would ultimately clean-cut the spark that would explode Europe into the flames of conflict.The causes of World War One as discussed above can be summarized by the weding acronym as a mnemonic device A- Alliance European nations signed cabalistic treaties that created a system of alliances pitting nation versus nation. N Nationalism There were intense feelings of nationalism on the part of subjugated nationalities. These feelings would eventually lead to rash acts. I Imperialism Competition to develop vast empires ca utilize tension and conflict. M Militarism Nations built huge armies to defend themselves and help to gain these empires. It was a natural feeling for them to insufficiency to use these militaries. A Anarchy There was no international organization to help them deal with their problems. L Leadership It was poor. Just look at the system they set upquite poor indeed.These were the conditions facing Europe as a crisis emerged in the Balkans. The Archduke of Austria Hungary, a traditional power, was touring the nation of Serbia. Meanwhile Bosnian nationalists desiring freedom from Serbia plotted to slay the Archduke. Gabriel Principe, a member of the Black Hand, the aforementioned Bosnian nationalist group, shot and killed Franz Ferdinand on June 28th 1914.Austria Hungary fault the Serbian government for the assassination of theArchduke and issued an ultimatum (demands). The Serbians agreed to all but two of the demands, one of which was the placement of Austro Hungarian troops within Serbia. The Serbians appealed to Russia for support and Russia as the defendor of the Slavs agreed to support Serbia. Meanwhile the Austro Hungarians that deficient revenge and fearing Russia secured the support of their traditional ally, Germany. In a famous decision Germany issued what has become know as Carte Blanche, of blank check, to Austria Hungary.This unqualified military support from Germany made Austria Hungary rather confident that Russi a would not attack. At this point the Austro Hungarians declared war on Serbia. In response to the declaration of war Russia mobilized her military forces. perhaps it was a bit of saber rattling, perhaps not. Regard little Germany demanded Russia demobilize its army. When Russia refused Germany attacked Russia. The effect of the war on the Russian front were devastating. The Russians were ill prepared for war and lost millions of men. In the end the Czars refusal to exit the war exist him his throne as the Bolsheviks (Communists) revolted in 1917 overthrowing Czar Nicholas II.When the Russians were attacked by Germany, France was obligated to declare war on Germany as a result of a treaty she had signed with Russia. The Germans attacked France by marching through Belgium. The Belgians who did not restrain Germany permission to do this now were in a state of war with Germany as well. The most great byproduct of this was the fact that England had a treaty with Belgium Now England was obligated to declare war on Germany as well. Italy, which had a treaty with Germany switched sides so that she might gain territory from Austria Hungary (A gamble that more or less worked) and the Ottoman Empire entered the war on behalf to the Austro Hungarians (they wanted to gain territory from the Russians and gain control in the Balkan region). Now most of Europe was engulfed in war.In the end the Triple Entente (England, France and Russia posterior to be joined by Italy, the United States and Japan) defeated the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria Hungary and the Ottoman Empire). The conflict which was long and blinking(a) was marked by trench warfare and the use of chemical weapons. It was fought mostly in French territory. At the conclusion ofhostilities Germany was still in French territory but it was relatively relieve oneself that the combined industrial might of the Triple Entente would prevail. In actuality the influence of the United States is questionable. Germa ny hoped to negotiate a favorable treaty but as we shall see this was not to be the case. The Treaty of Versailles was signed ending the war and blaming Germany for the undefiled conflict. This blame and the consequent punishment set the stage for years of resentment and another world war, something the Statesn President Woodrow Wilson had hoped to avoid.So, what did all this have to do with America and why did we enter World War One? Most Americans favored staying out of the conflict and President Wilson publicly and formally stated that the United States would follow a policy of neutrality. In three short years, however, the United States would find itself in the middle of what later became known as the first World War. As the war in Europe raged on America sympathies were clearly on the side of the allies. American propaganda posters urged citizens to buy war bonds and support the allies. The Kaiser and Germans were painted as the aggressors in the war. True or not Americans cam e to see Germany as vicious and blood thirsty. The poster below was used by the US Army in 1917 to recruit soldiers. Notice how the Germans are pictured? This is a clear example of anti German propaganda. When the war began England enforced a naval blockade of Germany in the hopes of harsh off supplies. Germany responded by unleashing the U Boats. U Boats were submarines capable of staying submerged for long periods of metre.They would sneak up upon their victims, a great deal at night, an torpedo them. The Germans did not limit their attacks to military vessels. Any ship sailing in the war zone was considered an enemy. This became known as open-plan submarine warfare. On May 7th 1915 the British cruise ship Lusitania was sunk off the coast of England. Over 1,198 passengers including 128 Americans were killed. America was furious at the brutality and demanded a stop to this type of attack. In 1916, after the sinking of the passenger liner Sussex, Germany agreed to end unrestric ted submarine warfare in the Sussex pledge.The Sussex pledge only put off the inevitable American meekness into the war. America shared acultural bond with England and France. Woodrow Wilson began to actively campaign for Americans to support the allies. Besides being culturally like England and Francewere our trade partners. From 1914 to 1916 trade with the Allies grew from 825 million dollars to 3.2 billion dollars. If the Allies were to lose the war our trade would be threatened. American more and more see Germany as the enemy. Germany was a dictatorship fighting against the great democracies of the world and America as a democratic nation felt an obligation to support them.As America became increasingly less neutral, the British government intercepted a message from the German ambassador Zimmerman to the Mexican government. This message termed the Zimmerman dismantle asked Mexico to attack the United States if war broke out between the U.S. and Germany. The note was turned over to American government a short time later and eventually published in the newspapers. Americans were outraged. Then the Kaiser proclaimed that Germany was going to re initiate the practice of unrestricted submarine warfare violating the Sussex Pledge. Wilson had campaigned for office promising to protect freedom of the seas and now it seemed he had little choice.He had to ask Congress to declare war. Many Americans still wanted to stay out of Europes war and there was much debate in Congress. Wilson closed his wrangle to Congress by saying it is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful great deal into war But the right is more precious then peace and we shall fight for the things which we have forever carried in our hearts. On April 6, 1917, by a vote of 82 to 6 in the Senate and 373 to 50 in the House of Representatives, the United States of America declared war on Germany. Wilson strongly believed that the American system would save the world, meaning1. American econom ic goods2. Americas democratic political structure3. Americas blend of morality and ChristianityWilson statedWhen flop directed, there are no people in the world not fitted for self-government. Note the caveat, when properly directed. Wilson saw the U.S. as the rightful and natural director. He was determined to provide that direction in a modeling where morality, democracy and economics were closely related. Wilson believed that other nations of the world had to look to the U.S. as an example, at the same time America was dependent on therest of the world, mostly for economic markets.The world market must act as the new frontier for the American system. Wilson was determined to direct the affairs of other nations so that they could eventually achieve self-government, as long as this government was based on the American model, and he was even more willing to intervene in other countries than Roosevelt. For instance, he sent U.S. troops to Mexico to intervene in their civil war (19 13-1917). When World War I broke out in Europe in 1914, Wilson tried to keep the U.S. neutral, but Germany repeatedly violated Americas neutral status. When America finally entered the war in 1917 it was because, as Wilson stated, The world must be made safe for democracy.

Sir Francis Drake Essay Example for Free

Sir Francis Drake EssayTypically, Francis Drakes life begins with a mystery the date of his birth. 1540 is often mentioned, 1542 has been hear as has been 1538, and other eld pop up here and there. Often the given date is base on a portrait which itself is dated and which includes the comment that it shows Drake at a particular age. The only just conclusion is that he was born around 1540. His place of birth was Tavistock, in Devonshire, along the river Tavy (which eventually empties into the ocean near Plymouth). Here his grandparents held a lease on about 180 acres of farmland and make what was probably a reasonably secure backup as farmers.Here too Edmund Drake, who became Francis Drakes father, had been born. Some reports rural area that he was a sailor, but there are records that contradict this, and it seems likely that he too do his living from the land. Edmund Drakes wife, the mother of Francis, was of the Mylwaye family but her first name is unknown. The couple had twelve sons Francis was the eldest. Papa Edmund had some difficulties, in part because he, not being an eldest son himself, did not inherit the bulk of the Tavistock lease. He also seems to have gotten into some legal trouble, perhaps involving petty crimes.Additionally, there have long been rumors that protestant Edmund was the dupe of some sort of religious persecution. In any event, when Francis Drake was fluent a young boy the family leftover Tavistock and moved to Kent, nearer the sea, where they lived in the hulk of an old ship and where Edmund made a bare living as a preacher to the sailors of the navy. So, young Francis now was living (and learning) among the ships and seamen that would become the focus of his life. Francis Drake first went to sea sometime in the 1550s, as a young boy apprenticed to the elderly master of a small coastal freighter.He pparently did well both nautically and personally, because the old captain, having no family of his own, willed the litt le ship to Drake. This mark the beginning of Drakes nautical career, about which this brief sketch will say no more. Drake married bloody shame Newman, about whom little is known, in 1569 when he was still a young unknown sailor they had no children and she died twelve years later, leaving the then-newly knighted Sir Francis Drake a widower. In 1585 the now-famous and wealthy Drake married Elizabeth Sydenham, some twenty years his junior, who unlike Mary Newman came from a wealthy and well-connected family.The couple moved into Drakes recently purchased estate, Buckland Abbey (which today is still a major monument to his memory). Again, there were no children. In 1596 Sir Francis Drake was stricken by a tropical disease the bloody flux (perhaps yellow fever) during a less-than-sucessful expedition against the Spanish in the Caribbean. On January 28, on board his flagship Defiance, in the pre-dawn hours and after rising from his sickbed intending to don his armor so that he would die as a soldier, Sir Francis Drake passed quietly from this world.He was buried at sea off Puerto Bello, Panama, in a carry on coffin. there is not much known about sir francis drake as much of it was clouded by narrative and as one often chooses to remember the brighter side of things and not the true details of what happens in the world. the explanation of sir francis drake is not one to be sure of but the information that has been salvaged is enough to give us a clear picture of him at least and that counts for something. The sir francis drake died in 1569 and was buried at sea in a lead coffin probably to perserve his body as he was a great man in his own right.

The concept of Trinity Essay Example for Free

The concept of trine EssayThe concept of third describes that God exists as a single being yet lives as three persons, consisting of the Father, the Son and the sanctified Spirit. The three persons are believed to be discrete and eternal persons, all belong to one Divine being. The doctrine that supports the concept of Trinity is Trinitarianism. This doctrine also describes that the Son, the second person of the Trinity, is comprised of two well-defined characters, the fully perceive and the fully human characters. The concept of the Trinity is the consequence of incessant investigations conducted by the church on the teaching contained in the bible, as well as debates held with regards to the bible, and expositions on the concept. The dogma of a universal trinity was instituted in 325 AD, which then received enormous denials from sacred sects. The most accepted theory of the Trinity is found in the Gospel of John in the Bible.Hence the Trinity explains the nature of God, a s well as the uncanny circumstance of man (McGrath, 1990). This concept also rationalizes Gods design for grace and salvation, and the principle of the church. The Trinity also explains through the concept of the Trinity other issues such as evangelism, Christian education, social interactions, religious freedom and the family. The concept of Trinity describes that the existing creeds were produced as a result of heresies to their beliefs. This happened during the era of the apostles, which used the events of unorthodoxy as an optimal time to respond through the creation the creeds to attest to their beliefs.ReferenceMcGrath AE (1990) Understanding the Trinity. Zondervan, ISBN 0310296811.

Juan Luna and Filipinos Great Pride Essay Example for Free

Juan Luna and Filipinos Great Pride EssayThe first involve workforcet youll notice about the photo is its size. Standing at 4 meters in height and 7 meters in width, the movie no doubt commands attention and gives off a majestic aura. Any viewer of the painting will feel dwarfed by the large painting and may feel overwhelmed by the magnanimity of it. The abutting function youll notice about the Spoliarium is the rich colourize used. Predominantly, the painter made use of warm colours for his work of graphics, with reds being a central color that attracts the most attention. In person, the colors are spectacular and quite unique.The Spoliarium depicts an even during the Roman empire, where gladiators die for entertain manpowert. The painting shows how gladiators are being dragged mercilessly by men towards an unknown darkness, where other tragically killed gladiators are brought. To the left is a cheering crowd, screaming for blood epoch to the right, a woman is crouched and seemingly in sorrow. The painting shows a tragic event, definitely. But it also shows a deeper meaning, especially for the Filipinos during the time of the Spanish colonization (which lasted over 400 years ).According to artistic production experts, the travel gladiators who are being dragged are the Filipino people, bit the men dragging them into the darkness are vocalisation of the Spanish rule. The woman crouched on the right side of the painting is believed to be the Mother Country or the Inang Bayan who weeps for her Philippines. The blood thirsty crowd to the left is a representation of the social heapcer of that time. Truly, there is more(prenominal)(prenominal) than meets the eye when it comes to Lunas painting. The Spoliarium shows the Spanish governments mistreatment of the Philippines.The dead bodies of the gladiators represent the Spanish killings of Filipino revolutionaries. The Spoliarium is famous among the Filipino people, to say the least. The concomita nt that Luna had gained recognition among other Spaniards in Madrid because of this painting has given the Filipinos great pride. This also shows that the Filipinos have skills that apprise equal, if not, surpass the Europeans of that time. This is why the painting, along with Hidalgos, are deemed National Cultural Treasures, because they were able to contribute to the development of art in the Philippines.The Spoliarium can be found in the Hall of the Masters of The National Museum of the Philippines. Whether you are a foreigner or a local, take a few hours off your schedule to visit the museum and pack more about Philippine culture and history through the eyes of its artists. It is an educational and enriching experience. The first thing youll notice about the painting is its size. Standing at 4 meters in height and 7 meters in width, the painting no doubt commands attention and gives off a majestic aura.Any viewer of the painting will feel dwarfed by the large painting and may feel overwhelmed by the magnanimity of it. The undermentioned thing youll notice about the Spoliarium is the rich colors used. Predominantly, the painter made use of warm colors for his work of art, with reds being a central color that attracts the most attention. In person, the colors are salient and quite unique. The Spoliarium depicts an even during the Roman empire, where gladiators die for entertainment. The painting shows how gladiators are being dragged mercilessly by men towards an unknown darkness, where other tragically killed gladiators are brought.To the left is a cheering crowd, screaming for blood while to the right, a woman is crouched and seemingly in sorrow. The painting shows a tragic event, definitely. But it also shows a deeper meaning, especially for the Filipinos during the time of the Spanish colonization (which lasted over 400 years ). According to art experts, the fall gladiators who are being dragged are the Filipino people, while the men dragging them in to the darkness are object lesson of the Spanish rule. The woman crouched on the right side of the painting is believed to be the Mother Country or the Inang Bayan who weeps for her Philippines.The blood thirsty crowd to the left is a representation of the social cancer of that time. Truly, there is more than meets the eye when it comes to Lunas painting. The Spoliarium shows the Spanish governments mistreatment of the Philippines. The dead bodies of the gladiators represent the Spanish killings of Filipino revolutionaries. The Spoliarium is famous among the Filipino people, to say the least. The concomitant that Luna had gained recognition among other Spaniards in Madrid because of this painting has given the Filipinos great pride.This also shows that the Filipinos have skills that can equal, if not, surpass the Europeans of that time. This is why the painting, along with Hidalgos, are deemed National Cultural Treasures, because they were able to contribute to the development of art in the Philippines. The Spoliarium can be found in the Hall of the Masters of The National Museum of the Philippines. Whether you are a foreigner or a local, take a few hours off your schedule to visit the museum and experience more about Philippine culture and history through the eyes of its artists. It is an educational and enriching experience.

PE lessons a week Essay Example for Free

PE lessons a week EssayAlong with the need explained above Lucy leave behind need other needs as she is a child. Lucy is growing and developing her Physical, Intellectual, Emotional and social needs all the time. Due to this Lucy will need health c argon needs as she will need Jabs from the doctors as she will need to be defend against diseases and illnesses. The school achieve this need of Lucys the school have school nurses which give the jabs to the children. Also they inspection and repair her perplex legal as they raise sure they are healthy in the lunches they give and have a balanced diet, do timed exercise and have a good hygiene. They in like manner provide high temperature for the children. They micturate sure that she is healthy and has a balanced diet they have school dinners which are healthy. They as well as provide health school dinners because a child needs to have food as it will help her brain to function well and learn properly. They provide these children with fruits at break time and healthy sandwiches and soups and rice and curry for lunchtime. It is important that Lucy draw offs some food like vegetables and fruits. They make sure that they have regular exercise the children have one or two PE lessons a week so they will be exercising at school even if they dont exercise at domicile.They also help them to keep jeer because they have two playtimes and one lunchtime a day. During these times the children will be running approximately the playground and playing with toys and skipping ropes so they will be exercising their muscles. They provide good hygiene as they provide the use of clean toilets for the children to access. They also provide cleans clothes for the children when they urinate themselves or other accidents occur. These work helps Lucy physically as she will be active all the time and will be traffic pattern size and not overweight or obese.These services also help Lucy to build her stamina, suppleness and her effectuality so she is fitter than usual. It will help her intellectually as she is provided with training and experiences on sweet things everyday. It also helps her intellectually as she will be information new skills and the main thing a new language which is the most important thing in her life. It will help Lucy emotionally as she will feel better about herself as she knows that people are there for her whenever she needs it. It will make her socially as she will have friends.The subject that Lucy learns at school that helps her with her intellectual needs are * Mathematics the teacher teaches mathematics to the students and to the students as she uses blocks and large numbers to help them understand with what they are learning for learners who are visual. She also writes the solutions on the board so they can also see it and check their answers with the ones on the board. * Science they are taught science through little object which represent the topics that they are studying. They also get A3 sheets of paper which have some objects and word on them and the pupils have to match them.The teacher also uses worksheets and performs activities with them to help them understand in depth. * Literacy they are taught literacy as the teacher reads to the children and then they are asked to answer questions on the fabrication that the teacher has read out to them to see how much of the story they have understood. * Art the teacher teaches them guile mainly through making them draw pictures and paint them. The teacher also give the children printed versions of picture and make them colour inside the lines to make sure that they are neat. The developmental needs that Lucy will have are new experiences, education and books.The placement meets Lucys need about new experiences as they provide Lucy with different types of purlieu throughout the school year. They also take the children to trips where they learn about different places and their related topics. They provide education as Lucy is taught everyday in school and also sets reading tasks for Lucy to carry out at home with her parents. The provide books for the children as they provide free reading books for the children and free exercise books for the children to write on. They also provide free pens, pencils, and other equipment to do with art.

That Was Then, This is Now” and “The Chocolate War” Essay Example for Free

That Was Then, This is straight off and The Chocolate struggle riseThat Was Then, This is Now by S.E. Hinton (1971) and The Chocolate War (1974) by Robert Cormier atomic number 18 boundary-shattering young-adult novels, each of which penetrates to the heart of issues with which adolescent readers mint readily identify.However, as groundbreaking as these novels were upon their initial publications, both of the novels conform to an established literary idiom, familiar throughout young-adult literature for many centuries. Both The Chocolate War and That Was Then, This is Now present novels of psychiatric hospital more than than specifically, novels of manful-initiation. Aspects of the male-initiation novel include specific conditional criteria that both define and structure the concept of manhood among these criteria are issues of straightness, embodiment, and collectivism. (Bereska, 2003) The prominence of traditionalistic male-initiation bowknothetypes and notions o f maleness in the novels, together with the novels unconventional narrative styles, pace, and conventions careed generate two of the more popular, controversial, and memorable titles in the 1970s YA catalog. Like classics or current adult fiction, some YAL includes a variation of situational archetypes such as the test/trial as a rite of passage, the journey or pursuit of the hero, birth/death/rebirth, and the search for self. (Herz Gallo, 1996, p. 11) In both novels, notions of manhood and sexual orientation play disclose roles in defining lawsuit and plot development, as well as thematic development. Bryon, the main character in That Was Then, This is Now prides himself as a ladies man and is compared to (or confused with) the Romantic Poet Lord Byron, who was an infamous womanizer, on different occasions during the story. composition not explicitly stated, it is an implicit assumption that the boys world is a heterosexual world there are no logical alternatives to heterose xuality. In books from the 1940s to the late 1990s A prescript male body is presumed to be both masculine in gender and heterosexual (Nelson (Bereska, 2003) Along with heterosexuality as a harbinger of normalcy, the male world in YA initiation novels is characterized by particular types and degrees of stirred expression, naturalized aggression, male hang-out groups, hierarchies within those groups and competition, (Bereska, 2003). In both The Chocolate War and That Was Then, This is Now the world is envisioned as a male-dominated war zone where a survival of the fittest mentality reigns above issues of emotionality, sensitivity, or compassion. While drugs, street-fights, and casual sex present controversial and very stark terrors in the world of That Was Then, This is Now,in Cormiers male-dominated world, the male-hierarchy is not only prevalent, its strictures are living law football is easy compared to Jerrys other extracurricular activities at ternary High placating the Vigil s, the schools secret society, and avoiding Brother Leon, the acting headmaster Archie Costello, de facto leader of the Vigils, orders Jerry to refuse to sell umber for ten days, as a way of exerting power (Cheaney, 2001, p. 256). The aspect of embodiment that is, the physical manifestation of male characteristics (or defining manhood by male bodily capacities and functions) is a vital component of both novels, symbolized by, not only erotic scenes and passages, but by visceral acts of violence. Foremost among the explicit symbolism of male initiation as male-body-experience is the climactic brutality of The Chocolate Warwhen raffle-tickets are drawn to direct blows against bodies. Raffle tickets are drawn to see when and where Jerry and Emile Janza (a thug) will strike one another with boxing blows. One of the members of the school hoop The Vigils finally draws a raffle ticket that allows Janza to strike Jerry below the belt. In That Was Then, This is Now, Mark and Bryon vital, vi ral male bodies are contrasted with Bryons ailing mother, a victim of the poverty and desperation that hangs over her household. While Bryons healthy erotic-physical response to Cathy brings about a sense of patriarchal responsibility for MM, Mark, whose sexuality had never been as pronounced as Bryons deviates from a pure state of male-embodiment, becoming a drug-user and drug-pusher, selling drugs to help support Bryons mother. The corruption of the communal (but male dominated and protected space) in this case comes by way of drugs with threaten MMs physical and mental maturity during his LSD hallucinations, he seems to reverting to a childlike, vulnerable state. It is at the point of Bryons decision to turn Mark in as a drug dealer despite their brotherhood that Bryons initiation is completed and the transformation of his masculinity from purely male-identified to communally-identified takes place. Both The Chocolate War and That Was Then, This is Now end ambiguously if not tra gically. Although Bryon makes a booming transition from self-motivated and socially alienated to selflessness and social responsibility, his initiation into manhood exacts a heavy terms and violates the antecedently established intimacy between the stories two main characters. Keeping in mind the aforementioned(prenominal) classical motifs of male-initiation, Bryons sacrifice of his male-to-male friendship with Mark in favor of his traditional familial relationships with Cathy and MM fulfill the classical notion of heterosexual manhood as established via physical embodiment, and collectivism. The Chocolate War ends with pyrrhic victory, in that Jerry dares to disturb the universe by challenging the male-on-male hierarchy generated by The Vigils, but at the novels close Jerry is beaten and physically injured with a broken jaw, he tells his friend, The Goober,not to disturb the universethat its not worth it. The book ends as Archie displays no remorse for the past, and Jerry no hop e for the future. Cormiers themes for The Chocolate War were rooted in the individuals response to evil, a concern deep rooted in Cormiers Roman Catholic conscienceI was made aware of evil, and Im aware of it now. I mean, we constantly castigate to be good, and most of us are because of the lack of opportunities to do evil.Opportunities for evil abound at Trinity High because most of the boys dont recognize it for what it is.(Cheaney, 2001, p. 256) Though Hintons themes seem less explicitly grounded in traditional religious morality, her work, like Cormiers, deals with issues of profound sociological consequence, along with themes of dynamic individuation and social integration. Perhaps That Was Then, This is Now fucking be rightfully regarded as offering a somewhat less tragic arc than The Chocolate War, the impact of both of the novels on the YA genre was (and remains) explosive. Classical literature often fails to exert the shape of hypnotically personal impact on young-adult readers that commercially published YAL sometimes offers. Literature can be a way for teens to release these tensions. This point remains highly valid as the enduring appeal and winner of The Chocolate War and That Was Then, This is Now demonstrates.Students can read a book, for example, about a teenager ambit puberty and can talk about what the character is feeling in the third person, not the first. They can say she felt instead of I felt.Why do they want to read it? Perhaps because it helps them feel as if they are not alone. (Alsup, 2003) Each of these novels melded traditional elements of the male-initiation story while simultaneously breaking through previously held notions regarding the thematic scope and sociological relevance of YA novels.ReferencesBereska, T. M. (2003). The Changing Boys World in the 20th Century cosmos and Fiction. The Journal of Mens Studies, 11(2), 157+.Herz, S. K., Gallo, D. R. (1996). From Hinton to Hamlet Building Bridges between juvenility Adu lt Literature and the Classics. Westport, CT Greenwood Press.Alsup, J. (2003). Politicizing newfangled Adult Literature Reading Andersons Speak as a Critical Text Critical Texts face up Difficult Topics. Students Need to Read, Write, and Talk about These Relevant Issues. Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy, 47(2), 158+.Cheaney, J. (2001, December). Teen Wars The Young Adult Fiction of Robert Cormier. World and I, 16, 256.

The Bretton Woods System Essay Example for Free

The Bretton woods System EssayThe Bretton Woods System (BWS) was implemented in 1946 under the Bretton Woods Agreement, each organisation obliged to maintain a fixed exchange regulate for its currency vis--vis the dollar or sumptuous. As one ounce of gold was set equal to $35, fixing a currencys gold price was equivalent to setting its exchange rate relative to the dollar. The fixed exchange rates were well-kept by official intervention in the foreign exchange markets. This intervention was about purchases and sales of dollars by foreign central banks against their own currencies whenever the supply and demand conditions in the market deviate from the agreed on equality values. Any dollars acquired by the monetary authorities in the process of an intervention could then be exchanged for gold at the U.S Treasury. In principle, the stability of exchange rates removed uncertainty from trans national trade and investment transactions.Normally, if a country followed its own pol icies leading to a higher inflation rate than its trading partners would experience a balance of payments deficit as its good became more expensive, which means its exports result decrease. A deficit has consequences, an increase in the supply of the deficit countrys currency on the foreign exchange markets. The excess supply would demoralize the exchange value of the currency of that country, forcing its authorities to intervene. The nation would be required to buy with its reserves the excess supply of its own currency, in order to get the domestic money supply. In addition, as the countrys reserves were depleted, the authorities would be squeeze to change economic policies to eliminate the source of deficit. The reduction in the money supply and the adoption of inhibitory policies would reduce the countrys inflation.Basically, Bretton Woods was a fixed exchange rate system in name only. With 21 major industrial countries, only the U.S and Japan had no change in par value betw een 1946 and 1971. From the 21 countries, 12 devalued their currencies more than 30% against the dollar, four had revaluations, and four others were move their currencies till the end of the system. On mid-1971, the president Richard Nixon was obliged to devalue the dollar to deal with Americas emerging trade deficit. The two reasons for the collapse of (BWS) are, inflation in U.S, they financed the escalating war in Vietnam, so they were make money instead of raising taxes. Another reason is that West Germany, Japan, and Switzerland refused to accept the inflation because a freshly fixed exchange rate with the dollar will be imposed on them. Thus, the dollar depreciated crisply relative to the currencies of those three countries.

Texas Constitution Essay Example for Free

Texas Constitution EssayThe Texas Constitution of 1876 is very detailed and affects the citizens of Texas in several(prenominal) ways. In many ways I think that the Texas Constitution is more reliable, and in a sense, ruin than the U. S. Constitution. There are less accessible loopholes in the Texas Constitution and it seems to be more specific in its laws and regulations. It puts rights first and deals with local and landed estate matters not covered in the U. S. Constitution.The state of Texas has had six pieces. The constitution that to a faultk nucleus on February 15, 1876 is the one that is still currently used today. The Texas Constitution is the second longest constitution in the United States, and one of the oldest still in effect. Since the constitution has been adopted it has been amended 439 times and consists of seventeen amendments. This constitution replaced the current constitution of 1869 and was meant to decentralize the state of Texas.They wanted all offic ials elected for shorter terms and lower salaries, abolishment of voter registration, local control of schools, severely limited powers for both the legislature and the governor, low taxation and state expenditures, strict control over corporations, and land subsidies for railroads. The government had now been split up into three branches the decision maker branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch. The Texas Constitution began with a Bill of Rights. This is another thing that I like about it because unlike the U.S. Constitution it puts the rights of the people first.The Bill of Rights declared that Texas was a free and independent state, field of battle only to the Constitution of the United States, that all free men have equal rights, and that the writ of habeas head teacher could not be suspended or unduly delayed. It forbid religious tests for office, unreasonable searches, and imprisonment for debt. It likewise guaranteed liberty of speech and press, the right of the accused to obtain bail and to be tried by a jury, and the right of citizens to keep and bear arms.Many people will argue that the Texas Constitution is too lengthy and has too much detail to it. Well maybe it is lengthy, maybe it does have a little too much detail on certain rules and regulations but its lasted this long and nobody has yet to successfully diverge it so there must be something right about it. Several changes have been made to it though seeing how many changes in technology have advanced the way we live. The original Texas Constitution was base around a farm economy and was meant for and to protect the rights of the rural citizens seeing how that was what Texas was known for in that time.

Audio Lingual Method Essay Example for Free

Audio Lingual method acting EssayCompare and contrast the Direct mode and the audio-lingual Method. (1) Both are oral-based approaches. (2) The Direct Method emphasizes vocabulary acquisition through exposure to its use in situations the Audio-Lingual Method practices bookmans in the use of grammatical sentence patterns. (3) Unlike the Direct Method, the Audio-Lingual Method has a strong theoretical base in linguistics and psychology. 2- How has the behavioral psychology influenced the Audio-Lingual Method?It was thought that the way to acquire the sentence patterns of the target language was through conditioninghelping learners to move correctly to stimuli through shaping and reinforcement. (2) Learners could overcome the habits of their native language and form the sensitive habits required to be target language speakers. 3- lay a backward build-up drill (expansion drill). State its purpose and advantages. (1) Definition The t severallyer breaks down a account into sever al parts. The students borrow a part of the sentence, usually the last leger of the line.Then, following the teachers cue, the students expand what they are repeating part by part until they are able to repeat the entire line. The teacher begins with the part at the end of the sentence (and works backward from there) to keep the intonation of the line as natural as possible. This also directs more student attention to the end of the sentence, where new information typically occurs. (2) Purpose The purpose of this drill is to break down the troublesome sentence into gauzyer parts. (3) Advantages (a) The teacher is able to give the students help in producing the troublesome line.Having worked on the line in small pieces, the students are also able to take note of where each word or phrase begins and ends in the sentence. 4- intend a repetition drill. Students are asked to listen carefully to the teachers model, and then they have to repeat and strain to mimic the model as accu rately and as quickly as possible. 5- Define a orbit drill. State its advantages. (1) Definition The chain of conversation that forms around the room as students, oneby- one, ask and answer questions of each other. The teacher begins the chain by greeting a particular student, or asking him a question.That student responds, and then turns to the student sitting next to him. (2) Advantages (A) A chain drill gives students an opportunity to say the lines individually. (B) The teacher listens and can tell which students are struggling and will need more practice. (C) A chain drill also lets students use the expressions in communication with someone else, even though the communication is very limited. 6- Define a single-slot telephone exchange drill. State its purpose. (1) Definition The teacher says a line, usually from the negotiation.Next, the teacher says a word or a phrasecalled the cue. The students repeat the line the teacher has given them, substituting the cue into the line in its proper place. (2) Purpose The major purpose of this drill is to give the students practice in conclusion and filling in the slots of a sentence. 7- Define a multiple-slot substitution drill. State its purpose. This drill is similar to the single-slot substitution drill. The difference is that the teacher gives cue phrases, one at a time, that fit into different slots in the dialog line.The students must recognize what part of speech each cue is, or at least, where it fits into the sentence, and make every other changes, such as subject-verb agreement. They then say the line, fitting the cue phrase into the line where it belongs. 8- Define transformation drill. Students are asked to change one type of sentence into anotheran affirmative sentence into a negative or an active sentence into a passive.

Staff Training and Development Essay Example for Free

Staff Training and Development EssayFrom a comp each perspective, cultivation and study of friendship employees are essential for organizational operation. From an employee perspective, the same factor is critical for skill phylogeny and for locomote advancement. The retention of valued skill sets, are important for continued business achievements and as a supervisory program it is important to continuously train and develop your staffs skills (McClelland, 1993). As a supervisor of employees whose toil is to assemble set devices that go into cell phones, it is important to investigate why the eccentric of work has diminished. Training, managerial development and dressing, and performance management are some factors that could be attributing to the decrease in fictitious character of the tuning devices assembled by the employees. Trial and error will exigency to take place in order to break if the lack of gentility has been contributing to poor quality work. The tra ining of employees leads to increased employee satisfaction, facilitates the updating of skills, leads to an increased superstar of belonging and benefit, increased employee commitment to the organization, and strengthens the organizations competitiveness (McClelland, 1993).It also improves productivity efforts. It is improbable to take improvements in human performance with disclose relying, to one degree or an opposite, on training (Asim, Waqas, Cheema, 2012). To determine if training should be necessary or required, it would be important for the supervisor to look back at then(prenominal) training modules and in the raw processes. Employees may need retraining on assembling tuning devices and the importance of quality work ethics.Audits of employee training will focus on task evaluations, work practices, and methods in an attempt to utter the problem that has been upholding the employees quality of work. Managerial training and development could also play a part of the em ployees quality of work. It is important as a supervisor to attempt to improve managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills (Dessler, 2011, p. 155). Improving managerial skills usher out advert with implementing ways to improve employee performance and development.As a supervisor, it is important to work on goals and to figure out which goals are not working for your employees. A supervisor needs to assess their management skills to see if it is obstructive or fall uponing the employees work ethics. Feedback on employee knowledge or changes in quality need to further discussion with employees on a weekly base especially if there has been a satisfying decrease in the quality of work. Another factor that a supervisor must ask is how practically appraisal performances are conducted and what affect that has been having on the employees work quality.Appraisals help the supervisor make forward motion and salary raise decisions, it lets the supervisor develop a plan for correcting any deficiencies (the quality of tuning devices), and it facilitates race planning by providing an opportunity to review the employees career plans in light of his or her exhibited strengths and weaknesses (Dessler, 2011, p. 170). Creating an appraisal process can shine light on the current issue with the employees work quality. If the employees take up not been given a goal and/or do not understand their job, it will affect productivity and the quality of work being performed.The supervisors appraisal process would reward fruitful employees and assist the professional growth and development of inexperienced and unproductive individuals. A quarterly appraisal can take place discussing the job description, the process of assembling tuning devices, previously determined goals and objectives and ongoing observations and communications of performance. These quarterly appraisals provide information for the employees and can assist with assessi ng the causes of poor assembly of tuning devices.During the annual appraisal, if training or what was previously discussed in the quarterly appraisal has not improved the quality of work, then it may not be training and the Human Resources Department may need to get involved. One other factor not mentioned at the beginning is the potential of environmental change. As a supervisor, any new change in the work environment needs to be taken in consideration. Where there any new changes in assembling of tuning devices for the cell phones that was not covered or mentioned in training?Not all employees are ready for change and if not done correctly it can affect the quality of work. Asim, Waqas, and Cheema (2012) noted employees thinking, acting and behaviors are important elements for consideration in order to achieve organizational change successfully. A change may have been implemented that could be affecting the quality of assembling tuning devices. To improve the employees task to ass emble tuning devices that go into cell phones training development, managerial development, performance appraisals, and monitoring change may need to be implemented.Constant monitoring of training and development will assess how the training succeeds. The supervisor will devote time to ensuring that employees get the training programs that is well-nigh appropriate for them given their existing skill sets. The supervisor will improve their managing skills and take into consideration any changes in the work environment that has been affecting productivity levels. Assessing these factors will assist in closing the break of serve between how the employees currently perform in their assembling work and how they need to perform to meet company objectives.

How Market Systems Cope With Economic Scarcity Economics Essay

How Market Systems Cope With Economic Scarcity Economics Essay line how a market system and a command economy try to cope with economic scarcity. A market system is in addition known as the pardon market economy or laissez-faire(prenominal) economy. In market system, ho accustomhold owns the resources and all toldocate them in the course of the twistings of scathe mechanism. If there is an improver in requisite, the price of a good depart rises and it exit encourages firms to switch extra resources of that certain industriousness of the good or service. Households depend on their income to determine the amount of overlaps they consume and market value of an individuals work depart decide households income. There is a limited role for the government in a free market system. This is be antecedent government tries to protect the property rights of people and business via the legal system. Besides, the value of currency shadow be protected with intervene of government. The r esult is competition and widely dispersed economic power.While in the command system, government owns most property resources. The government also gets to make the economic decision d matchless a central economic plan. The central economic planning board determines fruition goals for each attempt and specifics the amount of resources to be allocated. The income and wealth distri onlyion is decided by the government too. In this system, market price plays no part in informing property allocation decisions.For each persuade in the stock market, the public figure of sh bes sold daily equals the number of shares purchased. That is, the bill of each firms shares essentialed equals the quantity supplied. So, if this equality always occurs, wherefore do the prices of stock shares ever change?The prices of stock shares always change is because there is run and carry like everything else. The additional debauchers there are for the stock, the higher the price as the emerge of stoc k shares is for all time fixed. On the former(a) hand, then stock prices will go down when there are much sellers.Both prospective buyers and sellers each of them willing to buy or sell a number of shares base on the stock price in any accustomed stock trading session. If the quantity of shares demanded exceeds the quantity of shares supplied at the current price, the buyers must raise their price offers to encourage sellers to offer enough shares. This space will cause the price of shares to rise until the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. The situation is called the market chemical equilibrium. Now, if there is a report of bad economic news during the shares trading session, the sellers may try to sell out to a greater extent than shares than buyers demanded at the current price. In order to make a quick sale and to find more buyers, the sellers now will lower the selling price of the shares. There will be multiple equilibrium prices going on any trading day, bu t most of them do non last more than a couple of minutes. In general, demand and supply will affect the change of shares prices.Price measurementSSDDP0Q0In November 1998, Vincent van Goghs self-portrait sold at auction for $71.5 million. Illustrate this sale in a demand and supply diagram and determine the elasticity of supply of this portrait.D1D0PriceP1P0SSQ0 measurementThis graph shows a utterly inelastic vertical supply rick, at the quantity of 1 unit. The downward sloping demand crease intersected the supply arch is used to determine the price of the portrait which is $71.5 million. When the price increases from P0 to P1, the demand will increases from D0 to D1 where as the quantity supplied is remain unchanged. The demand would likely deceases extremely if there is more than one picture presented.For long time a debate has raged between those who favor strategies for lessen the supply of misappropriated drugs and those who favor strategies designed to concentrate deman d for illegal drugs.With the aid of two graphs, comment on the situation above using the demand and supply equilibrium analysis.SS1SS2DDPriceQuantityP1P2Q1Q2The graph above shows the relationship between demand and supply curve. When those who favors strategies for reducing the supply of illegal drugs, there would be a shift to the left in the supply curve, from SS1 to SS2. The government tries to reduce the supply of illegal drugs by providing subsidies to farmers. This will encourage formers to shift to other crops such as corn instead of crops that have drugs. Besides, the increasing of border inspection and interdiction of illegal drugs will also affects the supply curve to shift left and upwards, so equilibrium will not achieve. This is pay commensurate to the decrease in quantity supplied from Q1 to Q2 the price would increase from P1 to P2. This cause less people will buy because of the increases in price.SSP0P1PriceQuantityQ0Q1DD1DD0The graph above shows the relationship between demand and supply curve. When those who favors strategies for reducing the demand of illegal drugs, there would be a shift to the left in the demand curve, from DD0 to DD1. The curve will shift to the left is because of government has introduce an educational campaign to explain the disadvantages to human wellness of illegal drugs. When the curve shift to left and downwards, the market equilibrium is no more achieved. The sales of the illegal drugs would reduce because the demand for illegal drugs has decrease from Q0 to Q1.There are calls from certain quarters proposing that legalizing illegal drugs is the beat out solution to combating illegal drugs problem. By legalizing illegal drugs, this will increase the amount of illegal drugs available in the market as drug sellers will no longer face prosecution. Addicts benefit too.With the aid of a graph, explain the situation above using the demand and supply equilibrium analysis.PriceDD0PP1SS0QuantitySS1Q Q1Legalizing illegal drugs will lead to the increases in quantity supply. As a result of this, the supply curve will shift to right from SS0 to SS1. When the supply curve shift to the right, the price of the illegal drugs will decreases from P to P, while the quantity supply will increases from Q to Q. Besides that, drug addicts gain advantages too not hardly because of the increases in supply but also the legalization of illegal drugs.Provide a counter-argument to the explanation given by the supporters oflegalization.Firstly, illegal drugs should not be legalizing because it will only bring destructive effects to our health. It will cause addiction and it will slowly lead to crime. This is because the price of illegal drugs is not cheap and not many addicts can afford it. As a result of not having enough money, addicts will enthrone all sorts of crimes in order to get money to buy those drugs. If illegal drugs are supported to be legalizing, there would cause a massive numbers of crime rates in the country. People competency use drugs to rape, steal or even start a war. Drugs only benefits the addicts as it will cause problem to the government. Government would have to import those drugs from other country and it surely causes a big sum. This will affect the governments financial and the countrys economy.Imagine you are selling a new intersection point in the market. beg off more on the product that you are selling from these feelingsDescription of the product that you are sellingThe product that I am selling is the new model of touch screen laptop. This touch screen laptop is slim and the weight is lighter than normal laptop. Therefore it is very to carry around. This product is aim towards teenaged adults that are working and students that are still studying. With this product, they can carry to their work place and even to schools. Besides, this product also comes with various colors. Consumers can choose the color of the product according to each liking. This product also includesBluetoothBuilt- in GPS systemWebcamWater resistantCold resistantSupport Windows 98/XP/Vista/76- cell Li- ion battery4GB RAM MemoryHow the product is produced or acquiredThe product is produce in local anaesthetic factory which will be using the modern technology. The internal components for this product will be import from other country such as America. On the other hand, the external part is supplied by local production. Metal is one of the main resources for this product. Metal is needed in a large amount to produce the laptop. While touch screens are imported from Japan with their high- tech LCD touch screen.The demand aspect of this product e.g. pricing strategies, the threat of competitors, factors affecting demand for this product etc.Pricing StrategiesI would use the Price Skimming method which the price is charged higher because this product will have important competitors. The high price is to attract more new rivals into the market. Therefore, the price wi ll fall inevitably due to the increase of supply. The price will be set to RM2500. When there are more competitors in the market, I would now change my strategy to economy pricing.Threat of CompetitorsThis touch screen laptop biggest threat is other big company like Acer, HP and also Sony. Although the other competitors are more well recognize, but I believe that my product is better in terms of pricing and functions that are available. Besides, other companies run to have bigger budget or capital to invest in new product. Therefore it is one biggest threat to my new touch screen laptop.Factors Affecting DemandAs for the factors affecting the demand would be the consumers choices and preferences. Consumers taste will be the main factors for the demand curve because it will affect the price as well. Besides, consumers income will contribute to the changes on the demand curve of this product too. If their income increases, they would most likely be able to afford this product. As a result to it, the demand for this product will increase.Elasticity of demand of the productThe demand of the product

Analysing The Effects Of The Earth Summits Politics Essay

Analysing The Effects Of The creation Summits Politics EssayAs early as the 1960s governments began to realise that human activity was damaging the environment. Governments around the world treasure that something had to be d cardinal, which resulted in the first international gathering about the human inter action at law with the environment, known as the United Nations assemblage on the Human surroundings, which was held in capital of Sweden in June 1972. This was the first of several planetary environmental meetings and it laid the foundation for international action to protect the environment. Three major(ip) treaties were drawn up in subsequent international environmental conferences these were the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the Kyoto communications protocol and the Copenhagen understanding.In 1992, quintuplet years after the Brundtland Report was published, the Rio Earth summit was held. It was held from the tertiary 14th June in Rio de Janeiro, Br azil. The luff of the Rio Earth summit was to review the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, implemented at Stockholm on sixteenth June 1972 and look for more than ways to work together to create a more sustainable future tense. The Earth summit was the largest environmental conference ever held with over 100 heads of state attending. louvre proportionatenesss were drawn up during the Earth summit The Convention on Biological Diversity, The Framework Convention on Climate swop, Principles of Forest Management, Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to the Rio Declaration, builds on the basic proposals set out in 1972 at the UN Conference on the Human Environment. It consisted of 27 principles designed to guide governments on ways to halt the destruction of irreplaceable indispensable resources and pollution of the planet (United Nations Department o f Public Information, 1997) and to guide sustainable developmentaround the world (Towards-Sustainability, 2000). 1 key point of the Rio Declaration was that current development must not disability the environmental and developmental unavoidablenesss of the present and future generations. Therefore, environmental protection should no abundanter be thought of as single-handed from the development of a nation. Also, nations should make a concerted effort to abbreviate and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and wasting disease (C-FAM, 1992). As a result a great deal of research is ongoing to create alternate(a) sources of energy to replace fossil fuels.Another key principle was that nations could explore their own resources provided that they did not event environmental damage outside their borders and that international laws needed to be set up to compensate for damage caused by nations to areas beyond their borders. This led to the proposal that The polluter shoul d, in principle, bear the cost of pollution (C-FAM, 1992).A further key principle of the Rio Declaration was that eradicating poverty and reducing disparities in living standards in antithetic parts of the world are essential to achieve sustainable development (International Institute for Sustainable Development, 1997). trim down the difference in living standards around the world is important for future sustainable development because if all(prenominal) nation has the same standard of living they will be more inclined to share the current scientific findings and new technologies to protect the environment.The main message of the Rio Declaration was that nations attitudes and activities would have to be adjusted, to ensure that long term economic progress would be linked with the protection of the environment. Also, international organisations that were designed to protect the environment, opus allowing the development of a nation, would have to be created. The Rio Declaration committed countries, including the UK, to be more sustainable whilst creating guidelines for a more sustainable future (Atmosphere, Climate Environment Information Programme, 2000). This has been beneficial because governments and businesses have become more eco-efficient and are creating eco-friendly products. During the Rio earth summit five agreements had been established, making it the roughly extensive and obliging plan of action ever accepted by the international community.The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiated the Kyoto communications protocol treaty in the Japanese city of Kyoto in December 1997. It was originally ratified by 140 countries and it came into effect on the 16th February 2005. By 18th April 2006 168 countries had signed the Kyoto Protocol and by 3rd December 2007 this number had risen to 175. It is a legally binding international agreement imposing limits on releases of babys room gases that are blamed for rising worl d temperatures. The gases that were considered to be nursery gases were carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, HFCs and PFCs.Industrialised countries concord to reduce their collective sackings of greenhouse gases by 5.2% (UNFCCC, 1997) compared to their emissions in the 1990. Through the Kyoto protocol 37 industrialize countries were set binding targets, the UK committed itself to reducing its emissions to 12.5% below its 1990 levels by 2012. The European Union agreed to reduce its emissions by 8%. The US, the worlds largest emitter of greenhouse gases ( rough 25%), had approved a 7% reduction in emissions, however in 2001 this was denounced by President George Bush stating that it would harm the economy and is flawed by the neglect of restrictions on emissions by emerging economies China and India (The Guardian, 2005).Not all industrialised countries were set goals of reduced emissions, Australias greenhouse gas emissions were permitted an increase of 8% compared to their 1990 levels and Icelands emissions were allowed an increase of 10%.The commencement of the Kyoto protocol was delayed by the requirement that at least 55 countries, accounting for at least 55% of the worlds 1990 carbon dioxide emissions must signalize it. This was reached when Russia signed up on 18th November 2004, nearly seven years after the treaty was negotiated.The Kyoto Protocol established three mechanisms for nations to reduce their emissions Joint carrying into action, Clean Development Mechanism and International Emissions Trading. Joint Implementation allowed a nation that had committed itself to an emission reduction target chthonic the Kyoto Protocol to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) when they endowed in projects that reduce emissions in another artless with an emission reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol. Each ERU was equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide, which could be used to help the investing area towards reaching their e mission reduction target. This offered countries a flexible method of reducing their emissions while also component part another country to develop emission reducing technology.The Clean Development Mechanism allowed a country with an emission reduction target to earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits when they invested in projects to reduce emissions in developing countries that do not have an emission target. Each CER was equal to one tonne of carbon dioxide. Both ERUs and CERs could be sold and traded like any other commodity, encouraging governments to invest in emission reducing projects and technologies.Countries emission reduction targets are stated as assigned amounts, these were dual-lane into assigned amount units (AAUs) to cover the 2008 2012 commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. International Emissions Trading allowed countries with spare AAUs to sell them on an international carbon trading merchandise.In the persuasions of many climate scientists the 5% r eduction in emissions from industrialised countries set out by the Kyoto Protocol does not do nearly enough, they claim that a decoct of around 60% is needed to avoid the worst consequences of orbicular warming (The Guardian, 2005). Also currently a number of countries have not met their emissions targets, so even the 5% reduction in emissions planned by the Kyoto Protocol may not be reached. Furthermore without the support of the US, who accounts for approximately 25% of the world(prenominal) greenhouse gases emissions, climate scientists have described the agreement as toothless and virtually obsolete (The Guardian, 2005).However it force out be argued that the legally binding Kyoto Protocol has set out a framework on which future negotiations could be based (The Telegraph, 2005) and has encouraged sustainable development by creating several market mechanisms allowing emissions trading. It has also promoted sustainable development by supporting renewable energy advances and ot her environmentally friendly technologies. The symbolic apprize of the Kyoto Protocol may have been its greatest asset because to see governments attempting to work together to provide sustainable development is better than to see no attempt at all.The UNFCCC held the Copenhagen Climate Conference at the Bella midriff in Copenhagen, Denmark from 8th 17th December 2009. It is often known as COP15 as it is the 15th Conference of Parties, to which nearly 200 countries attended in an attempt to find a global consensus on how to most effectively structure a post-Kyoto regulatory framework to cap greenhouse gas emission (Climatelab, 2009). The aim of the conference was to negotiate an agreement to come into effect when the commitment period of the Kyoto agreement expired in 2012.The conference resulted in the creation of the Copenhagen Accord, which called on participating countries to pledge specific actions they will undertake to abate greenhouse gas emissions (Pew optic on world- wide Climate Change, 2009) however the portion is a non-binding agreement so nations have no legal obligation to carry out these pledges. The Accord recognised that the global temperature rise should be limited to 2C however this was not adopted as a target. The original draft had included targets for 2020 for industrialised countries and 2050 for global and industrialised countries, though these were omitted from the final draft of the accord. The accord included a commitment from industrialised countries to provide climate financing for developing countries of$30bn for 2010-2012 (The EFA Group, 2009).As of 16th September 2010, 111 parties had either submitted 2020 emissions targets, submitted mitigation actions or associated themselves with the accord. The EU agreed to reduce their emissions by 20 30% compared to their 1990 levels, provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions (UNFCCC, 2009). The US agreed to reduce their emissions b y approximately 17% below 2005 levels. A breakdown in negotiations prevented a text that would have created a market mechanism to credit reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation from being adopted in the Accord.A line with the Copenhagen Accord is that it allows industrialised nations to set their own emission reduction targets. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change analysed the Copenhagen Accord and found that the pledges are inadequate to achieve a 2-degree goal Pledges by developed countries would reduce their emissions 10 percent to 13 percent below BAU (business as usual) in 2020 (Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2009). An analysis by PricewaterhouseCoopers concluded that these promises made by developed countries would lone(prenominal) provide half of the emission reduction requirements to avoid a global temperature rise above 2C.The Copenhagen Accord is very varied from the Kyoto Protocol as it is not a legally binding agreement and if the accord is used as a foundation to new climate change treaties, the number of countries complying with the Kyoto Protocol is like to be reduced as there is little incentive to trade carbon credits. The Accord threatens the establishment of a global carbon market due to its lack of progression towards a legally binding climate agreement.Environmental protection is always going to be challenging due to the different attitudes of nations. Many of the developed nations want environmental sustainability while developing countries want to be allowed to develop economically and socially. It is also going to be difficult due to the increasing global population and the resulting increase in consumption rates.However, in my opinion the Kyoto Protocol has been the most effective treaty designed to provide a sustainable future. This is because was a legally binding agreement that committed industrialised countries to reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by a set amount (5.2%). Also, the Kyoto Protocol created market mechanisms allowing emissions trading, encouraging nations to strive to reach their emission reduction target. One of the main drawbacks of the Kyoto Protocol is that it is not backed by the US who is a major emitter of greenhouse gases.The Rio Declaration was admirable because it caused governments and businesses to change the attitudes they had toward environmental protection and led to them becoming more eco-efficient and creating eco-friendly products. Nevertheless, there were still many negative incentives offered by countries and businesses that promoted people to continue being wasteful consumers. In my opinion the least effective environmental treaty has been the Copenhagen Accord because its non-binding goals are inadequate to stop a global temperature rise of 2C. Also, the need to create a global carbon market has not been met.