Outpatients’ Perspective of Clinical Communication Skills

Outpatients’ Perspective of Clinical Communication Skills Research Paper Title: Outpatients’ Perspective of Clinical Communication Skills of Doctors in Private Practice in Goa Abstract Clinical communication entails a dialogue between doctor and patient, and has been clearly demonstrated to affect many aspects of patient care, including health outcomes. Ideally, doctors are expected to play a dual role – as a source of patient healing as well as a source of reassurance and encouragement (Baker et al, 2011). This study was aimed at assessing the basic clinical communication behaviours of doctors in outpatient private practice in Goa, based on the reports of their patients. Good clinical communication skills include facilitation of the patient’s expression of feelings and expectations related to his/her health care, conveyance of clear information to the patient, and provision of empathy and encouragement. The participants of the study were chosen using purposive sampling. Internationally standardized questionnaires HPQ (Four Habits Patient Questionnaire), consisting of 15 Likert-scale items, and CAHPS (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and S ystems) was employed to understand the patients’ perception of ‘their’ doctor’s communication. Results were analyzed using total scores obtained. Individual behaviours were also analyzed using frequencies and percentages indicating doctors’ competence in one or more habits over others. Introduction The health outcome of a patient is greatly affected by the manner in which doctors communicate with their patients (Baker et al, 2011). The key to diagnosis and treatment is exchanging information, and communication plays a vital role in building a trusting relationship between doctor and patient that encourages better information-giving and information-getting, both of which are particularly important to enable positive healthcare. Furthermore, communication and trust may influence patient satisfaction, compliance, and coping (Desjarlais-deKlerk and Wallace, 2013). Recognizing the onus on the doctor to ensure satisfied and healthy patients by way of the former’s ability to communicate with the latter, this study attempted to determine the communication abilities of doctors in Goa as reported by their outpatients. Objectives To determine the medical communication skills of outpatient doctors To ascertain the relationship between doctors’ gender and communication abilities To establish a connection between the proficiency in communication of doctors’ support staff and ratings of doctors Method Sample and Sampling Method The study included 90 respondents (67 females and 23 males) chosen by purposive sampling from across the state of Goa. The respondents ranged in age from 20 to 70 years, with an almost equal number being below (n=47) and above (n=43) 40 years. Sixty percent of the respondents possessed a graduate or higher degree and nearly half (49%) the respondents answered the questionnaire based on their personal experiences with a General Practitioner. The perceived age of the doctors, as reported by the respondents, ranged from 26 to 70 years, with 63.3% being reported to be in the age range of 40 to 60 years. Measurement Internationally standardized questionnaires (4 HPQ – Four Habits Patient Questionnaire) (Bard, 2011), consisting of 15 Likert-scale items, and CAHPS (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, 2012) were employed to understand the patients’ perception of ‘their’ doctor’s communication. Results and Discussion Communication abilities of doctors’ support staff Effective communication between doctor and patient is a central clinical function that cannot be delegated (Simpson et al, 1991). The competency of support staff such as nurses and receptionists often influences the quality of health care (Marcinowiczi, 2010) as they are the first point of contact between doctor and patient. Their behaviour can, therefore, influence a patients’ rating of his doctor. Using CAHPS, it was observed that only 40% of the respondents were â€Å"definitely happy† with the help received by their doctors’ receptionist (see Fig.1), although more than half (51%) were â€Å"definitely happy† with the courtesy and respect accorded to them (see Fig.1). Figure 1. Receptionists’ Behaviour with Patients Analyzing a total score of receptionists’ behaviour, only 45.5% of the respondents reported â€Å"definite happiness† with the former’s conduct, thus suggesting that support staff ought to improve their communication skills so as to meet patients’ expectations of the healthcare system. Getting care quickly The availability of immediate healthcare is an important determinant of quality in the primary care setting. Availability refers to the ease with which a person may receive care (Marcinowiczi, 2010), and can include factors such as speed of providing an appointment, time spent by the patient in the waiting room (>15 minutes past appointment time), and doctor’s willingness to provide telephonic answers. An analysis of these factors, using CAHPS, revealed that a majority of respondents were quite happy with the rapidity of obtaining an appointment (44%) and obtaining answers to their telephonic queries (46%) (see Fig. 2). However, a moderate percentage (33%) reported having to wait for more than 15 minutes past their appointment time (see Fig. 2). A long waiting time, which can be interpreted as a mode of non-verbal communication, can be quite irksome, and underlines the need for doctors to improve their time management skills. Figure 2. Clinic Experiences of Patients Respondents’ rating of their doctor A health system can deliver truly patient-centered care only when patient ratings are elicited, integrated, and honoured. A 10-point scale (from CAHPS) used to measure the respondents’ rating of their doctor revealed that a majority (52.2%) rated their doctor as â€Å"Average† (see Fig. 3). This indicates outpatients’ perception that there exists scope for improvement in their doctors’ ability to provide quality healthcare. Figure 3. Respondents’ rating of their doctor Correlation between various parameters and rating of doctor Assuming that the longer the period of doctor-patient acquaintance, the better the rating obtained by the doctor, a correlation between the two was done but yielded no significant result (r = 0.15, p Analysis revealed that a majority of the respondents (78.9%) visited a male doctor, and literature suggests that females score over males in communication skills. A correlation was thus attempted between the gender of the doctors and the respondents rating of them. However, no significant correlation was obtained between the two variables in this study (r = 0.11, p Research suggests that education of respondents also affects ratings, with more educated individuals giving lower ratings to doctors (Instructions for Analyzing Data from CAHPS ® Surveys; 2012). However, the converse was noted in this study as a significant positive correlation was obtained (r = 0.244, p=0.05), indicating that the higher the educational qualifications of the respondents, the more accepting they were of their doctor’s communication abilities. It is a known paradox in medical literature that ‘patients can be satisfied with care that is not high quality and can be dissatisfied with high-quality care’ (Makoul, 2001). Willingness to recommend doctor Seventy six percent of the respondents expressed their willingness to refer their doctor to others (see Fig. 4). This suggests that despite scoring their doctors â€Å"average† in parameters such as clinic experiences and rating, the respondents had satisfactory overall experiences with their doctor. Figure 4. Respondents’ willingness to recommend their doctor to others Analysis of 4 HPQ In 1996, Frankel and Stein structured the principles of good, clinical communication into a teaching model for didactic purposes: â€Å"The Four Habits model – an approach to effective clinical communication†. The habits are: invest in the beginning of the encounter to create rapport and set an agenda (Habit I), elicit the patient’s perspective (Habit II), demonstrate empathy to provide opportunity for patients to express emotional concerns (Habit III), and invest in the end to provide information and closure (Habit IV) (Bard, 2011). The 4 HPQ, consisting of 15 questions divided into sets of 4, was formulated based on these well-researched habits. Analysis revealed that the respondents rated their doctors well in Habits I, II, and III (see Table 1). However, the doctors were scored low on Habit IV, thus suggesting that they require to further hone their skills in summarizing the consultation by checking the patients understanding and negotiating a treatment or follow-up plan (see Table 1). Table 1. Scores obtained on each HABIT Minimum Maximum Mean + SD HABIT I 8 16 14.34 + 1.76 HABIT II 3 8 6.52 + 1.27 HABIT III 3 12 9.82 + 2.18 HABIT IV 12 24 19.99 + 3.52 Conclusion Good medical communication includes building a relationship, exploring the patient’s perspective, displaying empathy, checking for understanding, reaching agreements on problems and plans, and providing closure (Makoul, 1991). Increasing public dissatisfaction with the medical profession is, in good part, related to deficiencies in clinical communication (Simpson, 1991). This study found that outpatients rated their doctors satisfactorily despite indicating certain communication habits that required improvement. Respondents also indicated that communication skills of receptionists in doctors’ clinics could be improved so as to provide a better healthcare environment. Shifting focus from patient satisfaction to patient experiences will enable doctors to be better communicators, thereby helping to bring about a radical shift in total healthcare experiences. References Bard J. Hospital Doctors Communication Skills: A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of a short course and the usefulness of a patient questionnaire. British Medical Journal. 2011. Desjarlais-deKlerk K and Wallace J. Instrumental and socio-emotional communications in doctor-patient interactions in urban and rural clinics. BMC Health Services Research 2013, 13:261 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/13/261 Instructions for Analyzing Data from CAHPS ® Surveys: Using the CAHPS Analysis Program Version 4.1 Document No. 2015 Updated 4/2/12 Makoul M. 2001 Marcinowicz L, Rybaczuk M, et al. International Journal for Quality in Health Care web site (Internet). Poland: 2010; Volume 22, Number 4: pp. 294–301 (cited 2014 January 15) Simpson M, Buckman R, et al. Doctor-patient communication: the Toronto consensus statement. British Medical Journal. 1991; 303:1385-7. 1

Interviews Guidelines :: Interviewing

Interviews Guidelines Hi friendz today I am gonna tell you some of the questions the interviewers’ will ask you generally. Please note that these questions are for general purpose only and meant for mainly those interviews which judge the overall personality of man/woman. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OK Mr./Ms. XYZ tell me something about yourself? Hint: the interviewer is going through u’r c.v. and wants some time. He may not be looking at u’r face. Just speak on continuously and don hesitate. The most important things which should be included are: Salutation; Your name; schooling; college; work experience; why u wanna join and how u’r qualification and experience would relate to the post vacant. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are your hobbies? Hint: Don’t write those hobbies in which u don’t know in detail. Suppose u tell u’r hobby as cricket but u may not show him any award won in that! 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why Do you want to join this organization? How can u help us? 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is u’r ambition in life? Hint: this is a remarkable question; If u r going for a marketing kind of job and tell that u r not after money but recognition first; u may not be selected; as marketing can be done only by those who r after money only as their priority as their main source of income is their commissions. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is u’r expected salary? Hint: Don’t under – estimate u’r self. U would be surprised to know that some applications are rejected only because they are ready to work for a very lesser amount ! They argue that we don take the cheap variety. Get Branded; see what is the salary generally accepted in u’r field and demand in proportion to that. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well Mr./Ms. XYZ Tell me where do u see u’r self after 2 years from now? Hint: Be Specific, Don tell u r going 2 be the BILL GATES. In 2 years. They’ll tell u that they cant’ hire a bill gates and cant’ promote u at that level within 2 years. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You told that u wanna be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ,; what are u doing to achieve that? 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are u’r strengths? 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are u’r weaknesses? Hint: Be sure u r not caught; You can tell that I am emotional; etc. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When did u see u’r strength as u described above helped u overcome a situation? And the weakness u had suffer from? 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tell me which are u’r favourite subjects? Hint: Hey don study only one subject. Sometimes it has happened that they ask another question; And the second favorite?

Landscape Urbanism

This modern period, architecture gives attention not only on creating new designs on buildings and structures but on reinventing the environment as well by taming the nature and aestheticizing them for man’s use and pleasure.   Architects understand arts and environmental care which they formed together to reflect a culture and history in the midst of modernization and industrialization.   This is because people begun to reject the complexity of urban life and the consequence of global capitalism.Landscape urbanism is one area of architecture which becomes significant in the overall formation of a building’s construction.   Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, defined landscape urbanism as a â€Å"theory of urbanism arguing that landscape †¦ is more capable of organizing the city and enhancing the urban experience.†Ã‚   Its purpose is to create an environment for human to enjoy, live and work; thus making the city or urban distinct from rural areas. Thi s concept was elaborated by Charles Waldheim in his book in which he stated that landscape urbanism is the union of landscape with urbanism which â€Å"promises new relational and systematic workings across territories of vast scale and scope, situating the parts in relation to the whole† (p. 33).   In his explanation, he emphasized that the concept lies on â€Å"mobilizing the new ecologies of our future metropolitan regions† (p. 33).   Ad Graafland, Leslie Jaye Kavanaugh and George Baird on the other ha  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   nd, described the term as a strategy that â€Å"the overlaying of ecological and urban strategies can offer a means by which projects may create new systems of interconnected networks that complement the existing structures† (p. 585).Thus, landscape urbanism is integration in the architectural design of the evocative power of landscape and the principles of ecology; it is a celebration of diversity or urban life by discovering an d articulating the aesthetic appreciation and expression of urban life. It is indeed sustainability that is taking place in a city in a technical way by giving it a character in between buildings and public places.Why Landscape Urbanism Emerged in ArchitectureThe discipline of landscape urbanism according to Charles Waldheim has emerged from landscape architecture but with greater consideration of â€Å"cultural and historical as well as natural and ecological† (p. 127).     Waldheim strongly pointed out that it has emerged from architecture because, the concept of landscape urbanism lies strongly on one function of architecture as a device in urban transformation (p. 127).Landscape urbanism has come out from the very idea of landscape architecture according to Richard Weller is â€Å"relatively ineffectual in reshaping the world†¦ and seems nonetheless theoretically correct and worthy in its aspiration† (p. 71), because of the influence of capitalism and trad itional hegemony of engineering and architecture.   In the same way, Weller believed that landscape urbanism alone could â€Å"prepare and practically capable of collapsing the divide between planning and design† (p. 71).Igor Marjanovic, Lesley Naa Norle Lokko clearly pointed out that landscape urbanism is distinct from landscape architecture in a way that the former is not traditional and it even â€Å"looks at the contemporary city and its problems and tries to define the possible contributions that architects†¦ can make† (p. 24).   Urbanism looks at the city and responds to aspect of popular culture while architecture proposes big structures derived from everyday consumer culture; these two work hand in hand for one goal which, the emphasis is on aesthetic and position of public places within community for human comfort that feed human spirit.Comparison and Contrast between the Park de la Villette and Downsview ParkThe two considered great models in terms o f landscape urbanism are the Park de la Villette by Bernard Tschumi and Downsview Park by Bruce Mau.Heather Stimmier-Hall narrated that La Villette was built in an abandoned quarrysite or dump area and at the same time slaughterhouses.  Ã‚   The park which was designed by Bernard Tschumi, was redeveloped and opened in 1986 as a modern city park in Paris â€Å"dedicated to science, arts and entertainment† (p. 96).   In the description made by Stimmier-Hall, Parc de la Villette does not have gates or walls; it has mini-forests, bamboo groves and vast lawn in its seventy acres of land.   In that vast of land, it has numerous museums, concert halls and whimsical playground.   At the entrance of the science and technology museum was the sphere La Geode Cinema that mirrors the green grass and blue skies. The author added that Parc de la Villette has â€Å"all there is to see and do† (p. 96).Downsview Park on the other hand, is a former Canadian military base at the n orth end of Toronto, Canada since 1929; and in 1996, it was closed for renovation.   Downsview Park is approximately 586 acres or 237 hectares that is underutilized tract of land.   With the initiative of its parent company, it became very important place in the heart of Toronto.   It is committed to sustain education and community development and awareness by offering venues for backyard birds, eco-footprints, butterfly landing, tree city, natural habitats and wildlife, history and walking tours.   Both children and adults are accommodated in this place for special civic activities (Parc Downsview Park).   Downsview Park is committed as a â€Å"unique recreational greenspace, a safe and peaceful place, developed according to the principles of environmental, economic and social sustainability, for Canadian to enjoy in all seasons (Parc Downsview Park).These two great and beautiful parks were both renovated from once unproductive and underutilized ground.   Both won the awards for being the largest park that give emphasis on green open space for appreciation of nature though domesticated.   These two parks serve same purposes which are to house special and big events from cultural to sports.   Both have museums and landscape designs.On the other hand, they differ in many ways.   (1) First, they differ in emphasis in aesthetical concept.   Downsview Park promotes the social and natural histories that supports natural ecology; it does not intent to change the site but simply to inaugurate the transformation of it (Van Alen Institute).   Parc de la Villette’s design suggests the conventional conception of a park designed to â€Å"express the fact that it is artificial and domesticated† (Berman, 1999), meaning it has a lot of man-made design to make it beautiful.   (2) Downsview Park retains the old military buildings which are kept for special uses such as for cultural, recreational and community; while Park de la Villette is a total renovation of a place in which the relics of the old place cannot be seen in the place. (3) Park de la Villette is completely constructed and Downsview Park is set for further development which will last after many more years. (4)Lastly, Park de la Villette is privately owned while Downsview Park is government owned and controlled yet self-supporting.Work CitedBerman, Jay 1999.   Le Parc de la Villette, Paris. http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/villette/Downsview Park International Design Competition,’ Van Alen Institute.   http://www.vanalen.org/exhibits/downsview.htmGraafland, A., Jaye Kayanaugh, L. and Baird, G. 2006.   Crossover: Architecture, Urbanism, Technology.   Netherlands:   010 Publishers.Gauzin-Muller, Dominique, 2004.   Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism: Concepts, Technologies, Examples.‘Landscape Urbanism.’ Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_urbanismMarjanovic, I. and Norle Lokko, L. 200 3.   The Portfolio: An Architecture Student’s Handbook.   Elsevier Ltd.Stimmer-Hall, Heather, 2004.   Adventure Guide. England: Hunter Publishing, Inc. Waldheim, Charles, 2006.   The Landscape Urbanism Reader.   USA: Princeton Architectural Press ‘Making it a Reality.’ Parc Downsview Park Inc. (PDP). Canada, 2005/http://www.yorku.ca/mclaughlin/documents/downsviewpark.pdf

Killer Angels Essay - 1856 Words

History 1301 1. Were soldiers religious? What did they think about God? What sorts of religious viewpoints do we see in this book? 2. Why did soldiers fight? Did the motivations of men on the two sides differ? What enabled men to fight in the face of death? 3. What thesis does the author argue as to why the Confederacy was defeated at Gettysburg? What evidence does he present to make his point? Do you agree or disagree with him? Trevor Jenke Professor Lockwood History 1301: M-W 12:30 2 December, 2013 Killer Angels Book Review 1. During the Civil War, there were two sides, the Confederate Army and the Union Army. While the Confederates fought for slavery, the Union fought for their freedom. While the†¦show more content†¦They believed that slavery could not co-exist in a country that was founded on the ideology of freedom. However, they eventually found themselves fighting to help free the slaves rather than fighting for each other. The Confederate Army was fighting to maintain its grip on slavery as it was ever so important to their economy and way of life. They depended on it so greatly that they would be willing to risk their lives on order to hold on to it. Col. Chamberlain talks about his view on the war, and what it meant to him as he was trying to convince the imprisoned troops from the 2nd Maine Division to fight with him. He believed that this war was far different than any other war ever waged in the history of mankind. He believed that what we were fighting for was the value of man, t hat they were fighting for each other. â€Å"This is free ground. All the way from here to the Pacific Ocean . . . . Here we judge you by what you do, not by what your father was . . . . .What we’re all fighting for, in the end, is each other.† (Pg. 32 / 33 - Killer Angels, Michael Shaara) However, there were still men in the Union who were fighting for themselves rather than the idea of a free nation. In personal discussion, Kilrain says that the reason he, personally, is fighting is to prove Im a better man than many (Pg. 188). He says, Its the aristocracy Im after (Pg. 189). He wants to be treated fairly, as he deserves, no matter what his father deserved.Show MoreRelatedEssay On Killer Angels1776 Words   |  8 PagesKiller Angels is a 1974 historical novel by Michael Shaara. The book tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. The novel is told through the voices of both Union army and Confederate Army of Northern Virginia leaders who were in battle there. The novel is laid out in days and each new chapter for the day gives a number and the name of the man who is the focus of the chapter. 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It follows up with four sections and within each section there are chapters that are written in chronological order, covering the events between Monday, June 29, 1863 and Friday, July 3Read MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1947 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives this full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America’s future. Michael Shaara author of â€Å"The Killer Angels,† tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of generals Robe rt E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford, and the other men involved in the action

What Is a Tablet and How Does It Benefit Us Essay

1 INTRODUCTION Tablet computer is a mobile computer with a display, circuitry and battery in one single unit. Tablets can be seen as a bigger version of mobiles, since they are equipped with cameras, microphone, accelerometer and touchscreen in which you can use stylus pen replacing computers mouse and keyboard. Tablets can be carried around in a pocket or a bag where desktop computers are stable and cannot be picked up and carried around. Tablets are great way of doing business on the road, for example, if you are in a bus or a plane, it is easier to bring out your tablet than your computer. Tablet is mostly for travelling and using it to certain limit. If you only have a touchscreen in your head typing will not be as easy as it would†¦show more content†¦The fact that many of the tablets have a build-in camera means that people can take pictures in any place they want, at any time they would like. 2.3 Market of tablet Tablets have become more known since 2010, before that the only carry-on device was laptop. Laptops have decreased in size and weight, but it is still nothing compared to a tablet. Taken to account the pros and cons on both of the devices, it can be noted that the tablet has a longer battery life and therefore is more suitable as traveling and carry-on device. [2] 3 TABLET IN EVERYDAY LIFE Tablets are easy to carry around and be used in everyday situations. Tablets can be seen as a new learning device. Since the computers have taken over the usual way of taking notes, pen and paper, computers can be replaced with tablets. There are still some cons for using the device in your daily life. 3.1 Connecting with a tablet Just like a desktop computer or a laptop, tablet can be used in everyday life as a connection device. No matter where you are, you can use your table in many different ways, for example, online shopping, research, information gathering, videos movies and for music. The advantage of having a tablet is that, you can take it anywhere with you and when you are on the road you are able to use it in many different ways. There are many places that the tablet canShow MoreRelatedEssay on Textbooks versus Tablets1030 Words   |  5 Pagesarm of the couch and you have not determined when to grab it. Molding society into what it has become today, technology is a part of nearly everyone’s lives. The push for technology has evolved from the workplace to the home and now it is emerging into schools. 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Jest and Earnest in Chaucers Work - 2364 Words

Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London around 1342, though the details are vague at best, and lived until 1400. Little is known of his early education, but his works show that he could read French, Latin, and Italian, and as such was clearly very well educated, and it is also known that he spent much of his life close to the centres of English power because the first reports of Chaucer come from 1357 as a page in the household of Prince Lionel before he went to serve for Edward III in France, where he was captured and ransomed. His first literary work appeared in the form of `The Book of the Duchess in 1369, an allegory which grieves over the death of John of Gaunts wife Blanche. Chaucer wrote many other works after this period but it was†¦show more content†¦However, Chaucer clearly highlights the point to the reader that the prioress is none of these things as she flaunts her apparent beauty with what she wears and how she behaves. As David Aers tells us, The Prioress is one of the least reserved of Chaucers characters, openly flaunting her sexuality through her behaviour around the other pilgrims. Comments from Chaucer the pilgrim such as ful fetys was hir cloke, describing her elegant coat that she wore and the description of the prioress physical appearance itself clearly represent the idea that the prioress is drawing attention to herself. The idea of the prioress nose being tretys and Hir mouth ful small, and therto softe and reed show the physical flaunting of the prioress and though a nuns habit in the 14th Century would have been different to today, it was a sombre, highly modest garb worn to show penance. As such, the reader begins to wonder how our Prioresss forehead shows, much less how she displays the artificially high brow that was the height of fashion at the time. Despite all of this mockery from Chaucer at the prioress expense, it is clear that there is no actual malice in the comments that are being passed. Chaucer does not comment too much on her work with the Church and with other people, he merely highlights the flaw of the prioress vanity, a flaw that should not be present in a lady of the Church. This type of presentation if typical throughout the Canterbury Tales generalShow MoreRelatedChaucer s Pandarus And Foucault s Theory Of Power2905 Words   |  12 Pages M Chaucer’s Pandarus and Foucault’s Theory of Power 2319 Words 10 Pages If Geoffrey Chaucer for some unforeseen reason was unable to published The Canterbury Tales, then perhaps, his version of Troilus and Criseyde would be widely acknowledged as one of his most epic tragic poems. However, Chaucer’s poem, though adapted widely into various modern translations, for the sake of this paper the translation by Barry Windeatt will be used, the tale’s influential go-between is still a character tropeRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesRitual of Jupiter An Astrological Election of Mercury in the First Face of Virgo for Wealth and Growth XIV. Invocation of Mercury On the Decans and Tarot XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. A Brief History of Tarot The Decans in Astrology Overview of Recent Tarot Works That Reference the Picatrix Magical Uses of the Tarot Colophon VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. ON THE PICA TRIX I. Introduction to the Picatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad Joseph H. Peterson The Ghà ¢yat al-Hakà ®m fi’l-sihr

Reflections on architectural morphology in Nairobi, Kenya Essay Example For Students

Reflections on architectural morphology in Nairobi, Kenya Essay The development of architectural styles in Nairobi can be traced to the arrival of the railway line on the vast plains through which flowed nrobi (stream of cold water), in the Maa language. The railway builders chose this area as an ideal resting destination while awaiting ascent of the steep Limuru escarpments (Hill 1976). According to Van Zwannenburg and King (1975), the choice of Nairobi was further enhanced through its functioning as a trading centre for Kikuyu and Maasai women prior to the coming of the railway. The present site of Nairobi was selected as a stores depot, shunting yard (place where trains are shifted from one track to another), and camping ground for the thousands of Indian labourers (also British colonials, who came to Kenya seeking work) employed by the British to work on the line. Arthur Church was commissioned, there- fore, to prepare a town layout for the railway depot in 1898 (Hill 1976). This plan, the first official one for Nairobi, had two main streets, Victoria Street (today Tom Mboya Street) and Station Street. It also had ten ave- nues, staff quarters and an Indian commercial area (Hill 1976). The rail- head reached Nairobi on 30th May 1899 (Smart 1950) and found a small depot active with trade and commerce. In the same year the administra- tive government was also set up (Pavitt 2008). This duality as a meeting and administrative point established Nairobi as a key town along the railway line. In 1899 Engineer Sir George Whitehouse remarked that ‘Nairobi itself will in the course of the next two years become a large and flourishing place and already there are many applications for sites for hotels, shops and house’ (cited in Tiwari 1981). In 1907, Nairobi was made the capital of Kenya. In 1920, Nairobi’s size was 25 km2, in 1927 it was 90 km2 and by 1995 the area had grown to 684 km2 (UN 1995). As Nairobi grew, so did its commercial and administrative status. As areas such as Bazaar Street (today Biashara Street) came into being, main business streets like Delamere Street (today Kenyatta Avenue) and Government Road (today Moi Avenue) also emerged as important shopping areas. Thus, a majority of the city’s old buildings are found on these streets. According to Smart (1950), the early phase of Nairobi’s development was largely characterized by the emergence of corrugated iron sheet structures  which were to change from 1906 as dressed stone started appearing with the transformation of the Bank of India into the first stone building. As the settlers established themselves, eclectic Victorian-period buildings characterized by massive masonry and attractive faà §ades started dotting the railway town in both folk and academic forms (Wahome et al. 2013). The British colonialists brought along their culture and customs, which influenced the existing local cultures. Arguably, the most significant influences introduced by the colonialists were their system of gov- ernment and their styles of architecture. The impact was felt in both public and private architecture in and around the town centre in form of institutional, commercial and residential buildings. Undoubtedly, the European style influenced the architectural development of the city in multiple ways. It is, however, noteworthy that Nairobi is a multi-racial city comprising a predominantly African population with European and other racial groups. Consequently, its development has been influenced by these various cultures as well, and their legacies are visible in the rich and diverse architectural heritage that remains until today. Outline1 Historic architectural morphology1.1 Building materials1.2 Foreign building styles and their attributes2 Status of historic buildings Historic architectural morphology To appreciate the significance of historic buildings in Nairobi, an under- standing of the influences on appearance, shape and form is important. Attributes that reflect a time period of history carry with them evidence of the thinking of the builders. Nairobi’s historic buildings have borrowed from diverse influences and merged with local peculiarities to give rise to buildings that have homogenous characteristics. Building materials A survey of the historic buildings in Nairobi indicates that these buildings give the city an important, distinguishing character. As morphology is concerned with factors that govern and influence form, it is noteworthy that European settlers predominantly used locally available materials in their construction. Blue granite stone was easily avail- able in and around Nairobi; it was durable and thus widely used inbuilding. Most historic buildings still retain their rustic facades of blue granite stone, but some have suffered from haphazard application of paint and other renders. Summary of 1984 essay(v) Tudor revival style: The Tudor style was an attempt to create architecture with a traditional, picturesque appearance. It is based on English domestic architecture from the 1500s and 1600s (COC 1995). Common characteristics include: steeply pitched roofs often with front facing gable or multiple gables, decorative timbered wall surfaces, decorative front or side chimneys, diamond-shaped casement windows, use of stucco, masonry or masonry-veneered construction, often with ornamental stonework or brickwork and irregular massing. This architecture resonated mainly in residential buildings, although a few commercial buildings were constructed  using it, for instance Norfolk Hotel along Harry Thuku Road. (vi) Art Deco: This style began in France and flourished between the interwar years (1918-45) when rapid industrialization was transforming culture and influencing construction (COC 1995). Motifs were borrowed from the machine age and technology imagery and materials were commonly used. Common characteristics include rich colours, bold geometric shapes, lavish ornamentation, horizontal or vertical orientation, rounded edges, corner windows and glass block walls. As an alternative to the more  classical styles, Art Deco was embraced in the transfor- mation of the Indian bazaar and adjoining areas between id-1930s and 1950 (Salvadori 1996). Its lack of a clear, definitive character and leaning on stylized and abstracted forms endeared itself to both the public and private property designers. B) Asian influences The character of Nairobi in the early years was a combination of two disparate elements: the railway area and the congested Indian Bazaar. After World War I, European settlers gained more influence in colonial administration and one instrument they employed to propagate their presence was town planning, especially zoning. This meant that various locations were designated as European, Indian and African residential areas. The areas allocated to Indians included the Indian Bazaar, which combined residential and commercial activities in a building typology influenced by practicality and typologies found in India. This comprised commercial activities on the ground floor of the building with residential quarters on the upper floor or a commercial sec- tion towards the front of the building with a residential section towards the rear, often housing lodgers (White et al. 1948). Use of materials was also distinctive, with many structures being initially constructed from corrugated iron sheets (typically for roofing, but sometimes also for walling), either exclusively or in combination with other more permanent materials such as brick and stone. Away from the bazaar area, Indians were provided with bungalows in Pangani in 1927 that lacked basic functional elements like sitting rooms or courtyards (Salvadori 1996). Therefore, the Indian non-registered architects took advan- tage of these shortcomings to modify the buildings. Elsewhere, they also built religious buildings such as Singh Sabha Sikh Temple. The ease of execution and functionality of these Indian styles led to other architects borrowing and replicating them in other structures like Sheria House (Figure 5.7) and Parliament Buildings. Elsewhere, they also built religious buildings such as Singh Sabha Sikh Temple. Status of historic buildings Clearly, Nairobi’s historic buildings have considerable architectural merit that warrants their maintenance. The walls of most buildings are gener- ally in good condition; surface erosion has been moderate, carved orna- mental details are still relatively crisp in most locations. However, there is noticeable vertical and diagonal cracks and discolouration in some build- ings where neglect has crept in. Due to weather conditions and adverse human use, some buildings require extensive intervention to restore them to their original appearance, for instance, the IBEA building along Moi  Avenue. Other buildings have been allowed to deteriorate to the ‘point of no return’ and their restoration would prove both technically difficult and cosdy, for instance, the ‘1918’ building along Ronald Ngala Street. The preservation and significance of these buildings is being undermined by: Lack of proper maintenance Total destruction of historically and/or architecturally significant buildings Change of buildings’ character due to inappropriate additions and alterations Pollution