The main functions of public parks Essay Example for Free

The main functions of public parks Essay History The first parks were land set aside for hunting by the aristocracy in medieval times. They would have walls or thick hedges around them to keep game in and other people out. These evolved into the landscaped parks set around aristocratic houses from the sixteenth century onwards. These may have served as hunting grounds but they also proclaimed the owners wealth and status. An aesthetic of landscape design began in these parks where the natural landscape was enhanced by designers such as Capability Brown. With the Industrial revolution parks took on a new meaning as areas set aside to preserve a sense of nature in the large industrial cities. Sporting activity came to be a major use for these urban parks. Areas of outstanding natural beauty were also set aside as national parks to prevent them are spoilt by uncontrolled development.    In the twentieth century a number of meanings arose which associated the designed landscape of a park with other uses such as business parks, theme parks and parkways.   Public Parks, It’s Functions and How They Have Been Accommodated      Public parks, found in population areas such as towns and cities and accessible to the public, are usually ornamented spaces with lawns, flower beds and trees. Intended primarily for recreational use, public parks offer resting-places, paths and sometimes play areas. They vary in size from a small town square to a large tract of land and they often accommodate official functions.    Many smaller neighborhood parks are receiving increased attention and valuation as significant community assets and places of refuge in heavily populated urban areas. Neighborhood groups around the world are joining together to support local parks that have suffered from urban decay and government neglect.    A linear park is a park that has a much greater length than width. A typical example of a linear park is a section of a former railway that has been converted into a park (i.e. the tracks removed, vegetation allowed to grow back). This Parks are sometimes made out of oddly shaped areas of land, much like the vacant lots that often become city neighborhood parks.    The a good example of public park is the Public Gardens of Halifax, conceived by Richard Power, landscape gardener, they were opened to the public in 1875. Power had incorporated earlier gardens developed by the Nova Scotia Horticultural Society from 1837 as well as a municipal garden created in 1867.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today the Public Gardens( Public Park) of Halifax consist of winding paths, flower beds in geometric form surrounded by grass, borders of both perennials and annuals, statues, fountains and a bandstand, the latter attesting to the Victorian taste for open air musical performances.    The principal function of horticultural gardens (Public Park) is for scientific research and public education, although their recreational and aesthetic qualities are often featured. Into this category there were experimental farms (where crop research, agricultural utilization studies and the breeding and testing of ornamental plants for hardiness are carried out), nurseries (where young plants destined for thinning or for use as stock are grown), botanical gardens (where plant species are cultivated, classified and identified for methodical study) and arboreta (nurseries devoted to the experimental cultivation of trees of different species). The Royal Botanical Gardens of Hamilton, established by provincial legislation in 1941 but with an unofficial history dating back to the 1920s when the city began acquiring land for it, is an example of the horticultural garden (Public Park). It consists of vast landscaped gardens including a notable collection of irises, a rock garden, a rose garden, an arboretum (including a lilac garden), a childrens garden, a garden with medicinal plants, natural areas for explaining ecosystems, as well as a program of courses and research. Its activities are principally directed to scientific research, teaching, public education and also amusement.    The institutional garden (Public Park) is a pleasure garden whose function is to complete or enhance public buildings such as hotels, hospitals and factories as well as religious or administrative buildings. Its raison dà ªtre is often directly connected with the buildings function but it also provides an aesthetic complement to the architecture. In the first decades of the twentieth century, gardens were laid out next to schools so that the children could learn the rudiments of gardening. These gardens (Public Park) had a pedagogical function.   In the same period, almost everywhere in the country, gardens were laid out next to small railway stations. They served to beautify the sites and, particularly in the West, to promote the development of new regions.    The grounds laid out between 1875 and 1879 by landscape artist Calvert Vaux in front of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa were designed to reinforce the institution of government. The buildings architects, conscious of the importance of the project, were concerned from the beginning that the grounds be in harmony with the buildings. Vaux included elegant steps leading to a large terrace, a broad sweep for the arrival and departure of vehicles, along with enclosures and low walls, which lend considerable grandeur to the whole. Over time these grounds have acquired an importance derived from their association with major events in Canadian life (ceremonies, celebrations, protests); they have contributed to the symbolic value of the place.    Residential gardens (Public Park) have a much more private, intimate character, whether they are pleasure gardens, vegetable or kitchen gardens or even small plots of aromatic herbs laid out next to private or official residences. Maplelawn in Ottawa, built from 1831 to 1834 by William Thomson, a farmer, had an adjoining walled garden. In its early stages it was probably a kitchen garden for the domestic use of the household. In the 1940s perennial borders were laid out. Today, the garden still has the four-square layout of the beds. Often many such distinct gardens are incorporated into the formal or informal design for the grounds of one residence. For example, the W.B. MOTHERWELL HOMESTEAD in Saskatchewan, developed over time since 1883 and taking into account the local climate and the scientific expertise of the time, contained various pleasure gardens, vegetable gardens, orchards and shelterbelts. RIDEAU HALL in Ottawa, with its fine perennial gardens, is an example of a pleasure garden situated in the pastoral setting of an official estate.    Specialized gardens (Public Park), often designed in response to changing fashions, exclusively feature a single physical element such as water, rocks or roses, or a structural element such as greenhouses, glass-walled rooms or statues. Aquatic gardens, perennial gardens, rose gardens, sculpture gardens, zoological gardens, enclosed gardens, winter gardens, roof gardens and even greenhouses are familiar examples of specialized gardens. A notable example of this garden type is the Cascade of Times rock garden at Banff, constructed in 1935 and intended to display the geology of the Rockies. References Braun, Bradley M.  (May 1992) Science Parks as Economic Development Policy. Castells, Manuel and Hall, Peter. (1994). Technopoles of the world: the making of twenty-first-century industrial complexes. London ;  Ã‚  New York :  Routledge. Duroso, Thomas. (July 8, 1996). Research Parks: Forming Strategies to Adapt to End of Building Boom. Levitt, Rachelle. (1987).  The University/Real Estate Connection: Research Parks and Other  Ventures. Washington, D.C.:   Urban Land Institute.

Cancun Highlights Essay Example for Free

Cancun Highlights Essay Beaches Naturally, the beaches are the biggest draw in Cancun with their soft, white sand and brilliant turquoise-blue water. Cancuns Hotel Zone is really just one long beach separated from the mainland by a system of lagoons. The dazzling white sand of Cancuns beaches is light in weight and cool underfoot even in the blazing sun. Thats because it is composed not of silica but rather of microscopic plankton fossils called disco-aster. Cenotes It is estimated that there are more than 6000, although only 2400 are registered. All the fresh water rivers are underground. Being porous, caverns and caves formed where the fresh water collects the cenotes or water sinkholes. The water that gathers in these subterranean cenotes is a crystal clear turquoise color with a very pleasant temperature of 78 ° F (25.5 º C). The stalactites and stalagmites that form inside the cenotes are true natural works of art. In many, holes in the ceiling allow the sunlight to filter into the cenotes, giving the scene a magical feeling. The cenotes of Yucatà ¡n are a natural treasure that should be seen by all, keeping in mind that they should be protected so that man does not destroy in a few days what nature took millions of years to create. Adventure Parks Xplor is a unique underground world, with 7 amazing circuits that invite you to rediscover your emotions and senses within nature. Dare to ride our 13 zip lines among the Caribbean’s lively nature and enjoy refreshing water landings and amazing suspension bridges; take a trip through the jungle on unstoppable amphibious vehicles, explore an underground paradise where you can swim surrounded by amazing stalactites and stalagmites, discover a matchless raft route across stunning subterranean caverns while paddling with your own hands, and to complete your feat, a nutritious and light buffet, that will recharge your energy. Hidden worlds Hidden Worlds is the Yucatan Peninsulas best known location for exploring the fascinating world of cenotes. Its system of underground caverns and waterways lay hidden within dense tropical foliage over many centuries. Experience the Jungle! This is not a Disneyland tour, it is truly in the Mayan Jungle. Tours take off at Hidden Worlds Every hour. You will Skycycle, Jungle Zipline, Rappel into a cenote, Splash down Zipline, Ride the Avatar (a roller coaster Zipline) and Snorkel through the most famous underground cave system in the world. Nature Parks Xcaret It was opened in December 1990 as eco-archeological parkwhere visitors from all over the world can enjoy the splendor of Mexico’s biodiversity and cultural heritage. Due to its great success the park has been preserved with an environmental management system. Xcaret park * Under ground Rivers * Beach, Lagoon and pools * Tropic Jungle Trail * Main plaza * House of whispers * Rotating Scenic Tower Attractions * Butterfly Pavilion Butterfly Pavillion * Regional Wildlife * Breeding Farm * Coral Reeff Aquarium * Living Museum of Ochirds and Mushroom Farm. Most Important Accommodations Resorts and hotels The world class all-inclusive resorts in Cancun, Playa del Carmen, Cozumel and the Riviera Maya offer a variety of activities, entertainment, and cuisine, all for one price. No hidden costs. You pay for your all-inclusive accommodations, airfare, and transfers, and you dont have to worry about carrying your wallet around with you everywhere you go, and you dont have to budget once you get there. Its economical, and makes for a worry free vacation. Even taxes and tips are included in the rates. Cancun Tower A unique architectural concept where each condominium has absolute privacy and large facades, having a spectacular and incomparable view of Cancun city, the hotel zone, the spectacular golf course and the beautiful Caribbean Sea. One of Cancun Towersapos; most exclusive characteristics is that all the 3 bedroom units have direct elevator service to each condominium, one of few developments that offers the privacy you need. Restaurants and Night-Clubs Mexican Food. La Parrilla Is the most traditional restaurant in Cancun, recognized for its fine Mexican food. Since 1975, La Parrilla has rescued the dishes and traditional recipes, which combines with art, tequila and mariachi music, bringing the guest a unique Mexican experience. This Mexican Restaurant is a typical family restaurant, full of color and folklore. Party atmosphere and decor with arches, fountains and balconies are reminiscent of the old Mexican haciendas. The casual ambient, friendly and cheerful harmony with the very Mexican mariachi. 35 years of exquisite taste, tradition and Mexican music. Non-Mexican Food. Chocolate City Chocolate City is a family restaurant with a capacity of 210; it operates as a FAMILY RESTAURANT FUN BAR and offers its customers delicious delights, as well as exciting entertainment. Upon entering, guests can enjoy a spectacular chocolate fountain that holds up to 1000 kilograms of liquid chocolate that falls from one plate to another. Night-Clubs Coco Bongo With it ´s 1,800 people capacity is located in the heart of the bustling hotel zone, the mutli-level seating and nightly Rock and Roll and Salsa bands make coco bongo the most exciting and unique club. Combine all this with Coco Bongo’s extraordinary musical mix. Get ready for flying acrobats, bar top conga lines, movie clips projected on to high tech video screens, live bands; and more shows that you can imagine. History and Culture Coba The archaeological site of Coba has increasingly become more visited by national and international tourism. One of the main attraction to visitors of Coba is the Ancient Pyramid which unlike Chichen Itzas Kukulkan Pyramid, is still open for the public to climb its 120 steps up to the top of the site. Additional to this, Coba has several Tour operators with excursions available to this site from almost any point within the closest and top Touristic destinations of Cancun and its Riviera Maya. Tulum Tulum is a beautiful village on the south end of the Rivera Maya that enjoys a deep rooted history in the important culture of the ancient Mayan people. In recent years,Tulum has flourished in trades that stem directly from the skills utilized by the ancestors of the area. To appreciate the history and making of Tulum, one must understand the history of the Mayan people. Chichen-Itza it is one of the more impressive pyramids in the world With the popularity of Cancun and vicinity for both tourists, and cruise ships, well, there are only so many places to go, and Chichen Itza is on the top of the list. This place is known for the vast history of the Maya, their advanced mathematical knowledge, their incredible understanding of the solar system.

A hybrid manager

A hybrid manager Introduction A Hybrid manager can defined as a person who possesses strong technical skills and adequate business knowledge or vice versa. He should have the required skills needed in the technical as well as the management aspect. Along with that, he should also possess the management competences like communication skills, negotiation skills and also he should be able to motivate others working under him. A Hybrid manager should be able to reduce the gap between the business and technical aspects of the organization and build it with his expertise. Researchers have time and again suggested that any organisation which has business and technical department working in tandom with each other has an advantage over other organisations whose technical and business department is not integrated. And this role of integration of the business and technical department is performed by the Hybrid managers. History In 1989 Michael Earl defined the term ‘Hybrid manager as ‘People with strong ethical values and adequate business knowledge and vice versahybrids are people with technical skills able to work in user areas doing a line or functional job but adept at developing and supplementing IT application ideas ( Michael Earl, 1989). In 1990 Colin Palmer [1], Chairman of the British Computer Society Task Group on hybrid managers, wrote: â€Å"The (hybrid manager) term was coined by Michael Earl, Director of OXIIM at Templeton College, Oxford, as a result of a number of pieces of research that he and his colleagues had been undertaking. They noticed that in all the significant cases of successful implementation of information technology for competitive advantage or for achieving major change in organisations, there seemed to be a person at the heart of the development who displayed certain experience and characteristics. These were: an understanding of the business and what was required within the business, combined with a technical competence that enabled them to understand what was required in technical terms, including the scope of what was being planned. In addition to this, they displayed two types of organisational skills. They knew how to get about the business, and this implied that they knew the busines s and the people around it well, and they knew how to get things done, possessing a set of excellent social skills to listen, understand, negotiate and persuade† (Colin Palmer,1990). Information Technology International technology (IT) is considered as one of major and important routes for competitive advantage in todays modern business world. Hence, any company which lacks in IT has a disadvantage in comparison to those who possess this advantage. It in todays world is a pre-requisite for any firm. But, there are issues which are faced by IT and this makes it risky as well. According to a recent survey it was found out that the three main issues which are faced by IT are : Integrating IT with business Delivery on time and within budget Cost. The biggest problem for any organization lies in the integration of IT and Business. In business, one has to meet all the requirement of its client right from the quality of the product to the delivery date , the cost factor etc. All these things should be taken into consideration . IT cannot stand alone. It needs the support of business management. There are many questions which needs to be answered. Questions like the failure of software development projects meeting the requirements of it users or the product being not delivered on time or the increase in cost . The problem lies in both the departments, technical and management. There is a huge gap between both the parties which does not allow them to work efficiently. The increase in this gap is a matter of concern for the companies. Hence, any company which wants to succeed needs to bridge this gap. The Hybrid managers , who have an understanding of business and IT, can help bridge these gaps and smoothen the path oh project management and software development. And herein lies the need for hybrid managers. Characteristics of a successful Hybrid Manager Self-motivated/like being challenged A successful hybrid is self-motivated person. He does not need any external factors to motivate him/her. His motivation lies within. Whenever any kind of problem or complication arises, they have the ability to make decisions. A successful hybrid manager is the one can take care of issues his own. They set high goals and always look to reach at the top. They have the confidence to step out of their comfort zone and try new ideas and strategies.They will never give up. If stuck somewhere, they will try for various options to get out of it. Intelligent in the broad sense A successful hybrid has very good technical skills. At the same time he also has a good knowledge about the business. He is intelligent in the sense that he has a very good understanding of of his job. Coping with conflicts He is not afraid of difficulties or problems. He is a self-motivated personality and hence he has the ability to cope with pressure. He can take care of any issues. Even if he is stuck at something, he will try and come out of it. Flexible Flexibility is another very important trait of a successful hybrid. He is open to change and new ideas. He adapts quickly to any environment, changing conditions or any other obstacles in his working. Adjusting to new and different conditions and situations is extremely vital for any successful hybrid. Energetic and persistent He is full of energy . He keeps the work environment very lively and makes it easy to work. Having a lively and relaxed environment is extremely important for any organisation in order to prosper. It helps the employees to work efficiently. Persistence is another important virtue of a successful hybrid manager. Along with being energetic, he should also be persistent so that it maintains a proper balance in the organisation. Good communication skills Good communication skills are the key for executing management skills. Good communication skills helps in having open conversations with the team members and avoids any misunderstanding within the group. It helps in conveying the correct message in a correct manner. And a successful hybrid possesses these skills. Leadership A successful hybrid manager is a very good leader. He possess the skills required by a good leader. A good leader is not only a self motivator but he also motivates others by his actions and words. A good leader is confident and supportive. He is always available to his team. He eludes positivity and leads by examples. Creativity A successful hybrid is very creative. He has a vision for the organisation and he strives hard to transform that vision into reality. Innovative Innovation is another very important quality in a successful hybrid. Along with creativity he also needs to be innovative in his approach towards the organisation. He needs to develop new and innovative ideas in order to help the organisation prosper and achieve its goals. Bridging the gap between Technical department and management This is the most important work of a hybrid manager. And a successful hybrid manager is the one who is able to bridge this gap and help maintain the balance between these two departments. Integration of these two departments is the virtue of a successful hybrid manager. The need for Hybrid managers With changing time, even the market is changing. The markets have globalised. It is the times of Globalisation. The competition has increased and the business has also become more competitive. The style of working has changed. Projects have become more critical, change programmes have become larger than before. The complexity of these programmes have increased. The company has to prove its viability of every initiative which it undertakes. Gone are days when people where included in the organisation for their vertical skills. In todays business environment, the company demands its managers to be allrounders. They should be more business aware. Todays managers have to be more competent than how they were 10 years back. It has become more complex. He has to get the best out of his staff either by developing their skills or by recruiting new employees any which ways. The staff has to be managed properly. Not only that, he also has to take care of the technical part as well. A lot of importance has to be given to the project and the team. This was not the case earlier. With changing times, as competition has increased, the managers have to use different techniques of managing the organisation. These responsibilities were not there 10 years before. There is also an increasing belief that the problems which the IT department faces are neither technical or fiscal in nature. Their main problem is organisational and managerial. Quality Output In todays highly competitive scenario, the quality of a product becomes the utmost important aim for any organisation. Now, companies cannot take the consumers or their clients for granted. They cannot take them for a ride. Today, people have lots of options which they can fall on. With the developing technology like the usage of internet, Just with the click of a button, the consumers can get what they want. Hence the focus on quality becomes extremely vital for any organisation in order to succeed. Hence, the role of hybrid managers becomes very important. The issue of quality is high on the companys agenda. The manager need to monitor the quality concern. His role is to examine the quality of the product while it is production. He should take the initiative to see to it that the quality of the product is maintained throughout. He should not wait until the product is developed completely and then check if there are nay faults or mistakes. He should check the products throughout unt il the development process till the product is completely finished. The hybrid manager should be responsible for the quality of the product .The hybrid should aim at creating a proper plan for assuring the quality of it product. Hence he needs to maintain the parameters of the quality. In business terms, quality could be defined as producing a business system on time, within budget, developed to agreed standards and providing the required degree of functionality. There are various verification techniques such as; Structured walkthroughs. Informal reviews/inspections. Quality assurance reviews. Quality audits. Hence , there is huge responsibility on the shoulders of the hybrid manager to ensure that the quality of the product is maintained when it reaches the consumer. Partnerships According to a research done by Henderson in IT projects he found out that personal relations was the reason for creating bonding in the organisation. According to him â€Å"You must have the ability to bypass the organization and go directly to someone who will . He insisted that, there is a need for building an effective building relationship between the line managers and the information system managers and the specialists. The gap between the line managers and the information system managers needs to be bridged. Miscommunication between any departments can have its effect on the organisation. Hence, the company needs to take appropriate steps in order to avoid any kind of faults. Hence, the hybrid managers come into the picture. They have expertise about the business management as well as the technical part. They can act as a link between these two departments. Thus, the hybrid managers play a very important role in the 21st century. Managing the change in business Change is the only constant. Whenever there is change in the business, there is always some kind of pressure on the manager to show results. The manager has to undertake lot of responsibilities. He has to manage and exercise a number of skills. He has to start making decisions. A solid foundation is a pre requisite for any kind of business. Hence, it is important for the hybrid manager to make a positive and controlled start. There are certain things which he needs to take into consideration like ; In brief, these initiation tasks can be seen as follows: Establishing Terms of references of the new programme The manager needs to understand the terms and reference of the new business. Proper structure A proper structure needs to be in place for any issue regarding the change in programme. Managing finances It is also important for the manager to take care of the new finances. Understanding the basis of program, how it changed, how it was established and how the finances. Change control procedures All the changes made should be handled in a controlled manner. All requests should be documented, impact assessed properly, priorities assigned and decisions made. If any procedure is left undefined then it will lead to loss of control. Determine/tune methodology The manager should be familiar with the structuring of change programmes and should understand what tuning is necessary to minimise the risk of failure. Job cutting less complications Hybrid managers can help the company in cost cutting as well. The managers are among the best paid employees. Therefore, having separate managers for the technical and management department will increase the expenditure of the company. In these times of recession, companies are looking to cut down on their workforce as much as possible. They are using different techniques to reduce their costs and total expenditure. All over the world , there are job cuts happening. Therefore having the same manager for the technical as well as the business management department will reduce the expenditure of the company to a certain extent. Also having a common manager will be less complicated than having separate managers. Having separate managers can become complicated as they have expertise in their respective fields but hybrid managers have skill and adequate knowledge in both the departments. Financial awareness : An hybrid manager literally means a person who looks after both the sectors in the business likely managerial as well as the technical aspect, here this financial awareness comes under the sector of the managerial were it is the duty of the hybrid manager to look after the sector of financial sector for the well being of the business. An hybrid manager should atleast have some knowledge on the basic accounting, simple cash flow statements, cash budgets, and things like that for the good functioning of the business. These basic knowledge on the financial sector will help the hybrid manager to understand the financial status of the business which gradually result in the development of the financial sector in the business. Knowledge in the financial will lead the hybrid manager to cover all the other sectors which are involved in the business because for every business financial sector is the main sector cause it is the place were the whole of the business is dependent on. If the financ ial sector of a business is not perfect then the whole business will collapse , at the same time if a financial sector of a business is perfect then the business can be brought high even from the level of mud. So it is the responsibility of the hybrid manager to look after the finance for the well being of the business. Hybrid manager should not only have an idea of the basic accounting but he should also have ideas on the day to day transactions which take place in the business, he should have known the details of the tangible and the intangible assets of the business, he should also be aware of the interest rates for the amount which is being lend to others and interest for the money which is being borrowed from others, overall he should have details on each and every single penny which is been spent, gained and invested in the business which is for the well being of the business where it is the duty of the hybrid manager to have all the details of the financial sectors and also the other sectors in the business. Risk Management: Risk is the key the word of every business where there is some or the other sort of risk involved in each and every business. There can be no business without the risk management. The only difference which might be there in every business would be whether it is taken on a small scale or the risk is taken in a large scale. As the hybrid manager it is the duty of him to take proper risk on the necessary time when needed for the development of the business. It is not advisable to take risk very often but it is the duty of the hybrid manager to take risk at the necessary times. It is easy to take risk and put the business under risk but the hybrid manager should have calculation on possible effects which may occur because of taking such risk in the business and should also have the calculation on how to overcome those circumstance and the possibilities to overcome those circumstances which should all be calculated before taking. He should act in such a way to minimise the chances of fail ure in the business because of taking such risks in the business. He should also have the estimation cost which would occur because of taking such risk in the business and he should also be capable of handling any situation in the business and should also be capable of handling pressure in the business which might occur because of taking such risks in the business. It is not that taking risk will always be successful for the business because there might be circumstance were it might also end up in failure where the hybrid manager should have the potential enough to manage those circumstance. The fear at those those circumstance will result in the failure of the business so the hybrid manager should have the potential to manage any situation which might occur in the business and he should have the capability of solving those problems. Effective and productive use of resources: The other important function of hybrid manager is effective and productive use of the resources where the hybrid manager should have the efficiency to utilize the maximum resource from each and every individual in the company which will result in the development of the business. There is a common saying which states that maximum utilization of minimum resources which means effective usage of the resources with the minimum level of source which is one of the most important functions of the hybrid manager where he should have knowledge of effective and productive use of the resources. A hybrid manager should be efficient enough to utilize each and every resource of the company for the well being and development of the company. He should have the efficiency to motivate each and every individual who works in the organisations for the development of the business. The ultimate aim of the hybrid manager is to increase the individuals productivity level in the organisation. it is the respons ibility of the hybrid manager to make use of each and every resources in the organisation for the benefit and development of the organisation. Coping with stress: Stress can easily be defined as pressure or demand on physical or mental energy which has an negative effective in it. There is a common saying which says that things can be properly done under pressure. Most of them think that stress and pressure are the same but it is not so pressure comes when there is too much of workload in the job or anything but pressure comes when there is too much of pressure in the job or anything, Being the head he can easily transfer his stress verbally or on nonverbal actions to other individual in the company but it is the duty of the hybrid manager to manager to cope up with the stress and solve the problems by himself because if the manager shows his stress on the other individuals in will naturally result in stress on other worker who work in the company which will result in lack of concentration and unnecessary fear which would end up in certain problems in the organisation so it is the duty of the hybrid manager to cope up with the stress and to ma intain it within himself to protect from unnecessary problems in the organisation. It is the duty of the hybrid manager to maintain peace and avoid pressure from the head of the other individuals who work under him, so that they can work properly without any pressure on him. Conclusion The role of a Hybrid manager is very complex. He needs to have knowledge about all the areas of the business and he also needs to exceed in them. He needs to make a difference to the organisation. A hybrid manager is a self-motivated person, a good leader, creative, has good communication skills, flexible and always there to help his staff and team. The ability of a hybrid manager is to showcase his all round skills. A hybrid manager can also be called as an all rounder. As the times are changing, the competition has also increased. With the ever increasing competition, every company is looking for different ways to emerge on the top. And in order to do this, having Hybrid managers is extremely vital. As the technology is developing, there is a need to go in hand in hand with it. And the hybrid managers are appropriate ambassadors to represent their respective organisations. Hence, as we have seen in this assignment, a hybrid manager is of great importance in the 21st century Global economy. There is a need to develop hybrid managers and enhance them for the growth of any organisation. Reference http://www.globalmorality.org/?q=content/hybrid-manager: last accessed 4 dec 2009 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5U7o0FlH-AsCpg=PA436lpg=PA436dq=michael+earl+hybrid+managersource=blots=J2n0xjB8lZsig=9pMgjkR9GaQDjntX3sZkIxPpZQghl=enei=tuQgS4nxJdm5jAfLx-TiBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=michael%20earl%20hybrid%20managerf=false: last accessed 4 dec 2009 http://itnow.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/6/22: last accessed 5 dec 2009 OConnor, G . Smallman, C. (1995). The hybrid manager: a review. Management Decision. 33 (7), 19-28. Homes, G. (2001). The hybrid manager. Industrial and Commercial Training. 33 (1), 16-26.

ADHD Prescription Abuse at Northeastern :: College Study Drugs Education Essays

ADHD Prescription Abuse at Northeastern Northeastern middler Gary Brown* reclines his small frame on a couch in his Mission Hill apartment. He looks like a patient on a psychiatrist's couch as he dictates his history of abuse with Ritalin and Adderall. â€Å"I started going to concerts with a friend who had a prescription and whose nickname was Bradderall,† Brown said. Ritalin and Adderall are prescription drugs commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Brown has never been diagnosed with ADHD but he started taking the drugs recreationally as a college freshman to have energy for concerts and for partying into the early morning hours. Soon after, Brown began taking Ritalin to study for exams. Brown was taking the pills about six times a week. â€Å"It’s pretty easy to get,† Brown said. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) cites Ritalin, or Methylphenidate, as a central nervous system stimulant that has a focusing and calming effect on children and adults diagnosed with ADHD. The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that 3–5% of the general population has ADHD, which is characterized as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. This statistic indicates that one child in every classroom in America has ADHD. But Brown is not part of this 3-5% of the population. For Brown and others without the disorder, ADHD medications increase dopamine levels in the brain, giving the user a sense of euphoria similar to cocaine. Students at Northeastern University as well as other campuses are consuming these drugs for better academic performance and a cheap high on the college party scene. Students are taking Ritalin, Addrall, and the newest drug on the market, Conserta, either orally or crushing and snorting them to study, party, or lose weight. In some cases, kids are melting them down and shooting them up. According to Northeastern students, the drugs are very cheap and very accessible. â€Å"Drugs like Adderall, Ritalin, and Conserta that make you focused and industrious can be very useful,† said Jeff Smith*, a Northeastern student. Like Brown, Smith had never taken these prescriptions commonly called â€Å"study drugs† before coming to college. Smith cites increasing academic pressure as a reason for using the pills to focus and gain an edge. Both Brown and Smith receive free pills from their friends who have prescriptions but they would expect to pay $2-$5 a pill if they had to. In 2000 , NIDA’s Community Epidemiology Work Group found the abuse of methylphenidate (Ritalin) in Boston to be prevalent amongst middle and high school students; especially in middle- and upper-middle class communities.

Wheatley’s Poem On Being Brought from Africa to America Essays -- Poet

Wheatley’s poem, â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America† is part of a set of works that Henry Louis Gates Jr. recognized as a historically significant literary contribution for black Americans and black women (Baym et al. 752). Addressed to the Christians who participated in the slave trade, the poem is meant to reveal the inconsistencies between their actions and the Christian Ideal. Whether perceived as a work of sincerity or a work of irony, the poem conveys the message that an individual’s behaviors are influenced by the examples of others and that all people are equal. Understanding Phillis Wheatley’s intent in her poem, â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America,† is gained by considering all of the aspects of her existence when analyzing her work and even though perception is based on individual perspective, analysis and explication will reveal the contrariety Phillis Wheatley observed between society and the Christian Ideal and evidence her desire for the dissolution of every inequality. Phillis Wheatley was born in Gambia, West Africa around 1753 (Andrews et al. 770). She was forced into slavery when she was about seven or eight years old and purchased by John Wheatley in July of 1761 (770) for his wife Susanna Wheatley, who named her Phillis after the vessel that transported the young slave (Samuels et al. 543). The Wheatley’s, with their two children, Nathaniel and Mary (Brawley 12), taught Phillis to read and write in English and also tutored her in Latin (Samuels et al. 543). Wheatley studied the Bible, the Latin classical works of Virgil and Ovid, astronomy, geography, and history (Brawley 13). Much of her poetry consists of elegies (poetry written as a reflection on someone’s life) and many of her works are... ...//www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/phillis-wheatley>. "Phillis Wheatley." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 1 May 2012. . Puckett, Caleb. "Phillis Wheatley." American Writers, Supplement XX: A Collection of Literary Biographies: Mary Antin to Phillis Wheatley. Ed. Jay Parini. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2010. 277-91. Print. Samuels, Wilfred D, Loretta G. Woodard, and Tracie C. Guzzio. "Wheatley, Phillis." Encyclopedia of African-American Literature. New York: Facts on File, 2007. 543-45. Print. Wheatley, Phillis. "On Being Brought From Africa to America.† Baym, The Norton Anthology of American Literature 751-53. Wheatley, Phillis, and Margaretta Odell. Memoir and poems of Phillis Wheatley, a Native African and a Slave. Boston: Geo. W. Light, 1834. eBook.

Book Review of Lytton Stracheys Elizabeth and Essx :: essays research papers

The tragic but yet romantic novel I read was called, Elizabeth and Essex. This novel is a biographical and historical book. The subject of the book is a â€Å"tragic history†. The author, Lytton Strachey, tells the reader a lot about these two â€Å"love birds† that were destined to be together. Whose name’s were Elizabeth and Essex. Lytton Strachey presents a very â€Å"well-rounded† picture of the book. I think it is very important for an author to present a good picture of the book because of one very IMPORTANT reason, for the reader to understand and to become more interested in the book, the author has to make the reader feel as if they were there discovering that piece of history that was created or a joke that was told. To me I think that the author’s purpose was several different things. Only because the book wasn’t only entertaining , but it was informing, and instructive. The author will do anything to make his/her book interesting and enjoyable to the public, so they try to squeeze in entertaining, informing, and instructive material into the book. The style of the book is what made it so special. It was VERY easy to understand, and at the same time it was exciting. Some readers may think a tragic, but yet romantic novel is hard to understand, but what they don’t know is that all books are easy to read. You are just stopping yourself too soon to learn it. This book had no problems with being beautifully written and understandable. Compared with the first book I read for the first nine weeks, I would say this book is 110 times better. (The book that I read the first nine weeks was called Abraham Lincoln as I knew him.) This book, Elizabeth and Essex, had everything that a book worm could ask for. Some interesting quotes and passages that I found were: on page 3 it said that the Earl of Essex, Elizabeth’s lover, was once her first cousin twice removed. Another one I read was on page 91. It was a quote that was quoted by Portia to Bassano, â€Å"but I fear you speak upon the rack, where men enforced do speak anything.

Ethical Decision Making In Business Essay

The term often used to describe the system or principles by which we choose right from wrong is ethics. Conflicts in ethics arise when one person or a group of people impede the beliefs of another person or group of people. It would not be possible to decide who is right or wrong when a conflict arises, but it is our moral responsibility to resolve the dilemmas to the best of our ability. This paper is going to explore the topic of ethical decision making and establish ground rules for the process and analyze possible ethical implications that may arise. What are the ground rules? Making an ethical decision, at times, can be extremely difficult, as emotions tend to hinder ones judgment. For example, if a husband came upon his wife being beat to death, his first impulse would likely be to bring as much pain to the attacker as the attacker brought to his wife. On the other hand, the husband would know that would not be the ethical thing to do. For that reason, the process of making an ethical decision should be similar to making a normal decision. There are five possible steps that can be taken in order to ensure an ethical and reasonable decision. The first step is to clarify the issue and determine precisely what must be decided. This involves gathering as much information as possible and clearly recognizing the problem. At this step, one should be forced to develop at least three ethically justifiable options and determine which ethical principles and values are involved (Five Steps, 2001). The next step is to evaluate the issue. Evaluation involves exploring the options created in step one and realizing if they require the sacrifice of any ethical principle. Evaluation would also involve deciphering facts from beliefs and theories, or past experiences. When a person is emotionally involved, as the man was in the example above, all commonsense tends to fade. The evaluation step forces a person to ensure they are not allowing their emotions to get involved and they are purely making their decision based on facts (Five Steps, 2001). The third step in the decision-making process is to decide what is or is not true and to make a judgment regarding what consequences are most likely to  occur. At this stage, if an ethical dilemma was discovered, this is the time to evaluate the alternatives of each option and decide which would be the most ethical. For example, for the man in the example, the most ethical decision would be to restrain the man and free his wife and then call the authorities and let them handle punishing the man. It would not be to take the law into his own hands and punish the man himself, even though that is mostly like what he wants to do (Five Steps, 2001). At this third step, it is important to incorporate the three â€Å"ethic guides† when trying to make a decision. The first guide is the golden rule, which believes that a person should treat others as they would want to be treated. The second guide is publicity. A person would need to consider how they would feel if their decision were presented to the public. Finally, the third guide is called the â€Å"kid on your-shoulder.† This forces the person to imagine following through with their decision with their children watching (Five Steps, 2001). The fourth step in the decision-making process is developing a plan to implement the decision. If all the steps above have been followed properly, this step should be relatively easy since all the ethical risks have already been established. Finally, the fifth step is to monitor the effects of the decision. This involves being willing to change their decision if it appears their first choice is not successful. This is a constant process until the issue has been resolved (Five Steps, 2001). What could the ground rules be? Ethical decision-making is something that varies from person to person. Not everyone has the same beliefs of what is right and wrong. Some people believe the death penalty is inhumane and cruel while others believe it’s justice. Who is to say which person is right or wrong? No one can since ground rules and ethical behavior are subjective. The ground rules explained above are broad enough as to not force a person to overrule their own beliefs, however it is enough to make them realize, at least to them, what is right and wrong in any given situation. What should the ground rules be? Deciding what should the ground rules be is also subjective. Each individual is going to have their own feedback and decisions on how ethical decisions should be made. I believe the best way to improve on the decision-making process would be to involve others. Even if a person follows the ground rules mentioned above, there is still going to be emotion involved. If a person could ask for another point of view, they might learn or think of something they hadn’t before. For example, going back to the man who found his wife being beat, if there were another person present at the time, that person could help reason with the husband and realize the unethical aspect of what he wanted to do to the man. I know when I have a difficult decision to make that involves ethics I immediately involve another person. I am able to realize that I am too emotional about the situation and cannot make a reasonable decision on my own. Therefore, that is how I believe the ground rules should be changed. What are the ethical implications of the decision? The fifth step in the decision-making process is to monitor and modify the decision if any problems arise. This will allow the person who made the decision to either live with the implications or select another solution. If they stay with their first option, even if there are implications, at least the person can be sure they followed the steps, weighed all of the options, and this is the most appropriate solution for the issue. Making a decision not only involves implementing it, but also living with the outcome. Conclusion Ethical norms and principles have developed over time and across all different cultures (Shanks, 1997). People have been raised to weigh the difference between right and wrong when making a decision. Therefore, I believe people utilize the ground rules described above without even realizing it. That leads me to believe that ethical decision-making is an innate trait for most people, and something they make the most of on a regular basis. The sad reality is not all people have these skills or even  have the ability to understand the difference between right and wrong. The challenge for us would be to share our knowledge, help others to learn the ground rules of ethical decision-making; and maybe, just maybe, our world would become a little safer. References: Five steps of principled reasoning. (2001). [Online]. Available: http://www.josephsoninstitute.org (September 25, 2002). Shanks, Thomas. (1997, Winter). Everyday ethics: morality requires regular reflection on the day-to-day decisions that confront us. Issues in Ethics. 8(1). [Online]. Available: http://www.scu.edu (September 28, 2002).